|
The Atlanta University Publications, No. 1 1 |
||
|
The |
||
|
Health and Physique |
||
|
of the |
||
|
Negro American |
||
|
A Social Study made under the direction of |
||
|
Atlanta University by the Eleventh |
||
|
Atlanta Conference |
||
|
Price, 75 Cents |
||
|
The Atlanta University Press Atlanta, Georgia 1906 |
||
nThe proper study of mankind is man"
STUDIES OF NEGRO PROBLEMS
The Atlanta University Publications
No. 4, Mortality among Negroes in Cities ; 51 pp., 1896.
Mortality among Negroes in Cities; 24 pp., (2d ed., abridged, 1903). No. 2, Social and Physical Condition of Negroes in Cities; 86 pp.; 1897.
No. 3, Some Efforts of Negroes for Social Betterment; 66 pp., 1 898.
No. 4, The Negro in Business; 78 pp., 1899.
No. 5, The College-bred Negro; 115 pp., 1900.
The College-bred Negro; 32 pp., (2d ed., abridged). No. 6, The Negro Common School; 120 pp., 1901. No. 7, The Negro Artisan; 200 pp., 1902. No. 8, The Negro Church; 212 pp., 1903. No. 9, Notes on Negro Crime; 75 pp., 1904.
No. 10, A Select Bibliography of the Negro American; 72 pp., 1905. No. 1 1, Health and Physique of the Negro American; 1 12 pp., 1906.
We sludy the problem that others discuss
Th«
Health and Physique
of th<
Negro American
Report of a Social Study made under the di- rection of Atlanta University; together with the Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference for the Study of the Negro Problems, held at Atlanta University, on May the 29th, 1 906
Edited by
W. E. Burghardt Du Bois
Corresponding Secretary of the Conference
The Atlanta University Press
Atlanta, Georgia
1906
IT is the cranial and facial forms that lead us to accept the consanguinity of the African 'Hamites, of red- brown and black color, with the Mediterranean peoples; the same characters reveal the consanguinity of the primitive inhabitants of Europe, and of their remains in various regions and among various peoples, with the pop- ulations of the Mediterranean, and hence also with the Hamites of Africa. Sergi
Analytical Table of Contents
Page
Plates
Numbers A-H, 1-48.
Typical Negro-Americans. Number 49.
Typical Negro drug store.
Preface
The Atlanta studies.
Data on which this study is based.
Future work of Conference.
Bibliography of Negro
Health and Physique
Bibliography of bibliographies. Bibliography.
6
Negro Health and Physique 13
1. Races of Men
Ripley: The Aryan myth.
The New Anthropology. 14
European Races.
The Mediterranean Race. 15
Sergi's Conclusions:
Greek and Roman types.
African populations.
2. The Negro Race 16
The typical Negro (Ratzel).
Color (Ripley), (Sergi). 17
Hair (Ripley).
The cranio-facial skeleton. 18
The size of the head.
The facial angle (Denniker).
History of human races.
First steps in human culture (Boas).
The Negro and Iron (Boas). 19
Egyptian civilization.
African agriculture ( Boas).
African culture (Boas): 20
Markets.
Handicaps. Inferiority of the Negro. 21
Negro development (Ratzel). Climate of Africa. 22
Geography. Slave Trade.
Present inhabitants (Denniker). 23 Composition of population ( Ratzel ).
Page
3. The Negro Brain 24
Weight of the brain < Denniker). Memorandum of M. N. Woek : Brain weights. Unwarranted conclusions. (Topinard), (Hunt), (Bean), 25 ( Donaldson). Structure of brain. 26
Convolutions. 27
Changes in structure.
4. The Negro American
The slave trade.
Sources of slaves 28
The Negro-American type.
Bryce on the backward races.
Race Mixture. 29
Census of Mulattoes.
Degree of mixture. ;:o
Types of Negro-Americans. 31
Description of types.
A. Negro types. 33
B. Mulatto types. 34
C. Quadroon types. 35
D. "White types with Negro blood. Conclusions. 36 Future of Race Mixture. 37 Brazil. 38
5. Physical Measurements 39
Average height of men (Denniker).
Cephalic index. . 40
Measurements of army recruits. 41
Age and height. 42
Age and weight. 44
Age and chest measurement. 46
"Washington school children. - 48
Kansas city school children. 50
Conclusions. 51
Psycho-physical measurements.
Dietaries of Negroes. 52
6. Some Psychological Consid = erations on the Race Problem 53
(by Dr. Heebekt A. Miller). Psycho-physical comparison. Environment.
Psychology. 54
Psycho-physics.
Indians and Negroes. 55
Weissman.
ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
John Morley. 56
Inner life of Negroes. Psycho-physical tests. 57
Quickness of perception.
Disconnected memory.
Logical memory. 58
Color choice. Meaning of results. 59
Music. Consciousness of kind.
7. The Increase of the Negro
American 60
Increase 1791-1900. Wilcox's estimates. Birth rate. 61
Comparison of children and wo- men of child-bearing age. Comparison of children and pop- ulation. 62 Children and child-bearing wo- men in cities. 63 Conclusions. Age composition. Median age.
General age comparison 64
Sex distribution.
8. The Sick and Defective 65
Race and disease (Ripley). Consumption. Syphilis. Alcoholism, Army recruits. Causes of rejection 6
1901-1902.
1903-1904. 67
Racial differences 68
Disease in army. Specific diseases. 69
Venereal diseases. 70
Malarial diseases. Insane. Feeble minded. 71
Incomplete records. The Blind. .
Schooling. 72
The Deaf.
9. Mortality
General death rate, 1890 and 1900.
Chief diseases. 73
Infant Mortality. Death rate by races, registration
area, city and county. Death rates, 1725-1860. 74
Mortality of freedmen 1865-1872. Tendency of death rates. 75
Causes of deaths. 76
Conclusions. Deaths by diseases:
Consumption.
Pneumonia. 77
Heart disease and dropsy.
Diarrheal diseases.
Diseases of nervous system.
Suicide. 78
Alcoholism.
Age and death. Infant Mortality. 79
Improvements in infant mor- tality. Changes in rates by age periods. 81 Effect of environment. Normal death rates. Army statistics, 1890-1900. 1900-1904. 82
Memorandum by R. R. Wright, Jr. : Mortality in cities: Death rates North and South. Corrected death rates. Consumption North and South. Infant mortality. Climate. Season. Philadelphia.
Causes of death.
Sickness.
Social condition.
Improvement.
83 84
85
87
90 91
92
92
93
94 95
96
10. Insurance
Discrimination vs. Negroes. Experience of Insurance Compa- nies. True Reformers.
11. Hospitals
Distribution of Negro hospitals. Statistics of Negro hospitals.
12. Medical Schools
Negro medical schools: Meharry. Howard. Leonard. Flint. Louisville. Knoxville.
13. Physicians
Census returns.
Age. Distribution of physicians.
1895.
1905. Schools barring Negroes. 98
Schools without Negro students. 99 Graduates of Northern schools. 100 Reports from Northern schools. 101 Success of physicians. 102
Mob violence. 105
14. Dentists and Pharmacists 106
Census returns. Graduates in dentistry. Graduates in pharmacy. 107
Drug stores.
Statistics. 108
Reports.
15. The Eleventh Atlanta Con= ference 109
Programme.
Resolutions. 110
97
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013
http://archive.org/details/healthphysiqueof1906dubo
n
n
Preface
A study of .human life today involves a consideration of human physique and the conditions of physical life, a study of various social organizations, beginning with the home, and investigations into occu- pations, education, religion and morality, crime and political activity. The Atlanta Cycle of studies into the Negro problem aims at exhaustive and periodic studies of all these subjects as far as they relate to the JN"egro American. Thus far we have finished the first decade with a study of mortality (1896), of homes (1897), social reform (1898), economic organization (1899 and 1902), education (1900 and 1901), religion (1903) and crime (1904), ending with a general review of methods and results and a bibliography (1905).
The present publication marks the beginning of a second cycle of study and takes up again the subject of the physical condition of Negroes, but enlarges the inquiry beyond the mere matter of mortality. This study is based on the following data:
Reports of the United States census.
Reports of the life insurance companies.
Vital records of various cities and towns.
Reports of the United States Surgeon General.
Reports from Negro hospitals and drug stores.
Reports from medical schools.
Letters from physicians.
Measurements of 1,000 Hampton students.
General literature as shown in the accompanying bibliography.
Atlanta University has been conducting studies similar to this for a decade. The results, distributed at a nominal sum, have been widely used. Notwithstanding this success, the further prosecution of these important studies is greatly hampered by the lack of funds. With meagre appropriations for expenses, lack of clerical help and necessary apparatus, the Conference cannot cope properly with the vast field of work before it.
Especially is it questionable at present as to how large and important a work we shall be able to prosecute during the next ten-year cycle. It may be necessary to reduce the number of conferences to one every other year. We trust this will not be necessary, and we earnestly appeal to those who think it worth while to study this, the greatest group of social problems that has ever faced the nation, for substantial aid and encouragement in the further prosecution of the work of the Atlanta Conference. •
Bibliography of Negro Health and Physique
A large part of the matter here entered is either unscientific or superceded by later and more careful work. Even such matter, however, has an historic interest.
Bibliography of Bibliographies
Catalogue of the Library of the United States Surgeon General's Office. See Negro.
Bibliography
Abel, J. J., and Davis, W. S.— On the pigment of the Negro's skin and hair. J. Exper.
M. New York, 1896. Alcock, N. and others.— Negroes; why are they black? Nature, 30:501; 31:6. Angerbliche (Die) Inferioritat der Neger-Rasse. Atlanta University Publications.— Mortality among Negroes in Cities. Atlanta,
1896. Social and Physical Condition of Negroes in Cities. Atlanta, 1897. Atwater, W. O., and Woods, Chas. D. Dietary studies with reference to the food of
Negroes in Alabama in 1895-1896. Washington, 1897. (U. S. Dept. Agri.) Babcock, J. W.— The colored insane. New Haven(?) 1895. Baldwin, Ebenezer. — Observations on the physical, intellectual, and moral qualities
of our colored population. New Haven, 1834. Ball, M. V.— The mortality of the Negro. Med. News, LXIV, 389.
Vital statistics of the Negro. Med. News, LXV, 392. Balloch, E. A.— The relative frequency of fibroid processes in the dark skinned
races. Ibid, 29-35. Baxter, T. H.— Statistics; Medical and Anthropological, of the provost Marshall Gen- eral's Bureau. Washington, 1875. Bean, R. B. — On a racial peculiarity in the brain of the Negro. Proc. Ass. Am. Anat.
Bait, 1904-5. The Negro Brain. Century, Vol. 72, pp, 778 and 947. Beazley, W. S.— Peculiarities of the Negro. Med. Progress, XV, 46. Black and white ratios for eleven decades. Nation, 73:391-2. Bodington, Alice.— The importance of race and its bearing on the "Negro question."
Westminst. Rev., CXXXIV, 415-427. Brady, C. M.— The Negro as a patient. N. OH. M. & S. J., LVI. 431-445. Broadnax, B. H.— New born infants of African descent. N. Y. M. Times, 1895.
Color of infant Negroes. Miss. M. Rec, VII, 174. Broca, Dr. Paul.— The phenomena of hybridity in the genus homo. London, 1864. Brown, F. J.— The northward movement of the colored population. A statistical
study. Baltimore, 1897. Browne, Sir T.— Of the blackness of Negroes. In his works, 2:180-197. Bryce, Jas. — The relations of the advanced and the backward races of mankind.
Oxford, 1892. 46 pp. Bryce, T. H.— On a pair of Negro Femora. J. Anat. and Physiol., 32:76-82.
Notes on the myology of a Negro. Ibid, 31 :607-618. Buchner, M.— Psychology of Negro. Pop. Sci. Mo., 23:399.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 7
Burmeister, H.— The black man; the comparative anatomy and physiology of the African Negro. Transl. by Julius Friedlander and Robert Tomes. New York, 1853.
Buschan, G.— Zur Pathologie der Neger. Arch, per Tantrop., XXXI, 357-375.
Byers, J. W.— Diseases of the Southern Negro. Med. and Surg. Reporter, LVIII, 734-37.
Campbell, J. — Negro-mania; being an examination of the falsely assumed equality of the various races of men. Philadelphia, 1851.
Capacity of Negroes. Spectator, 75:927.
Cartwright, S. A.— Physical characteristics of Negroes. UeBow's Review, 11:18-1. Diseases of Negroes. DeBow's Review, 11:29, 331, 504.
Castellanos, J. J.— The rural and city Negro pathologically and therapeutically con- sidered. Proc. Orleans Parish M. Soc, 1895. HI pp., LXXX-LXXXV.
Castonnel des Fosses. La race noire dans Pavenir. Assoc, franc, pour Tavance. d. sc. 18: pt. 1,377-380.
Causes of color of the Negro. Portfolio (Dennie's), 12:6447.
Chittenden, C. E.— Negroes in the United States. Pop. Sci. Mo., 22:841.
Clark, G. C— The immunity of the Negro race to certain diseases and the causes thereof. Maryland M. J., XXXVIII, 222-4.
Clarke, R. — Short notes of the prevailing diseases in the colony of Sierra Leone, with a return of the sick Africans sent to hospital in eleven years, and classi- fied medical returns for the years 1853-4; also tables showing the number of lunatics admitted to hospital in a period of thirteen years and the number treated from April, 1842, to March, 1853. J. Statist. Soc, XIV, 6081.
Coates, B. H.— The effects of secluded and gloomy imprisonment on individuals of the African variety of mankind in the production of disease. Philadelphia, 1843.
Cohn, H.— Die sehleistungen der Dahoma-Neger. Wchnschr. f. Therap. u. Hyg. d. Auges, Bresl., 1898. 2:97.
Coleman, W. L. — Some observations on consumption, diabetes, melitus and con- sumption in the Negro. Alkaloid Clin., Ill, 114-116.
The color of newly born Negro children. Lancet, 2:1419.
The colored race in life assurance. Lancet, II, 902.
Conradt, L., and Virchow, R.— Tabellarische Uebersicht der an Negern des Adeli- Landes augsefuhrten Auframen. Verhandl. d. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., 164-186.
Corson, E. R.— The future of the colored race in the United States from an ethnic and medical standpoint; a lecture delivered before the Georgia Historical Society, June 6, 1887. XV, 193-226. The vital equation of the colored race, and its future in the United States. Wilder quart, century book. Ithaca, 1893. 115-175.
Cowgill, W. M. — Why the Negro does not suffer from trachoma. J. Am. M. Ass., XXXIV, 399.
Crawford, J.— On the physical and mental characteristics of the Negro. Tr. Ethn. Soc. 4:212-239.
Croly, D. G., and others.— Miscegenation: theory of the blending of the races applied to the American white man and the Negro. N. Y., 1864.
Cunningham, R. McW.— The morbidity and mortality of Negro convicts. Med. News, LXIV, 113-117. The Negro as a convict. Tr. M. Ass. Alabama, 1893. pp. 315-326.
Cureau, A.— Essai sur la phychologie des races Negres en l'Afrique tropicale. Deuxieme partie: Intellectualite. Rev. gen. d. sc. pures et appliq., 36:638-679.
Daniels, C. W.— Negro fertility and infantile mortality. British Guiana M. Ann., X, 8-17.
P. D. A propos de Negres blancs. Rev. med. de Normandie, Rouen, 1905, 441. Les Negres blancs. J. de med. de Par., 1906. XVIII, 41.
De Albertis, O.— Genesi, storia ed anthropologia della razza Negra. Revista, VIII, 290-308.
Degallier, Mile. Alice.— Notes psychologiques sur les Negres Pahouins. Arch, de psychol., IV, 362-368.
8 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
DeSaussure, P. G.— Is the colored race increasing or decreasing? Tr. South Carolina M. Ass., XLV, 119-121. Obstetrical observations on the Negroes of South Carolina. Tr. Pan-Am. M. Cong., 1895, pt. 1, 917-921.
Diseases of Negroes. So. Quar. Review, 22:49.
Distinctive peculiarities and diseases of Negroes. DeBow\s Review, 20:612.
Dixon, W. A.— The morbid proclivities and retrogressive tendencies in the offspring of mulattoes. Med. News, LXI, 180-182.
Dr. Cartwrighton the Negro. DeBow's Review, 32:54, 238; 33:62.
DuBois, W. E. B— The conservation of the races. American Negro Academy: Occa- sional Papers, No. 2. The Philadelphia Negro. Publications of the University of Pennsylvania, Nov. 14, 1890.
Easton, Hosea.— A treatise on the intellectual character and condition of the col- ored people of the United States. Boston, 1837.
Edelman, L.— The Negro as a criminal and his influence on the white race. Med. News, LXXXII, 196.
Eijkman, C. The color of Negroes. Janus IV, 39(>.
Eaison, J. A.— Tuberculosis in the colored race. Med. Rec, LV, 375.
Fehlinger.— Die Sterblichkeit der europaischen und der Neger-Rasse. Natur. Wchnschr., Ill, 280.
Fletcher, R. M., Jr.— Surgical peculiarities of the Negro race. Tr. M. Ass. Ala., 1898, 49-57.
Frederic— Zur Kenntnis der Hautfarbe der Neger. Ztschr. f. Morphol. u. Anthrop., IX, 41-56.
Freiberg, A. H., and Schroeder, J. H.— A note on the foot of the American Negro. Am. F. M. Sc, CXXVI, 1033-1036.
Frissell, H. B., and Bevier, Isabel.— Dietary studies of Negroes in eastern Virginia, 1897-1898.
Gannett, H —Are we to become Africanized? Pop. Sci. Mo., 27:145.
Giacomini, G. Annotazioni sullaanatomia del Negro; 1. memoria. Gior. d. r. Accad. di med. di Torino, XXIV, 454-470. Annotazioni sulla anatomia del Negro; 2 memoria. Ibid., XXX, 729-803. Annotaziona sulla anatomia del Negro; 3 memoria. Ibid., XXXII, 462-500. Annotazioni sulla anatomia del Negro; 5 memoria. Ibid., XL, -17-64. Notes sur l'anatomie du Negre; 4 memoire. Arch. ital. de biol., IX, 119-137.
Gilliam, E. W.— Negroes in the United States. Pop. Sci. Mo., 22:433.
Girard, H. — Notes anthropometriques sur quelquuns Soudanis occidentaux, Ma- linkes, Bambaras, Foulahs, Soninkes, etc. Anthropologic, XIII, 41; 167; 328.
Girtin, T. C. — Negroes, ancient and modern. DeBow's Review, 12:209.
Gould, B. A. — Investigations in the military and anthropological statistics of Ameri- can soldiers. Cambridge, 1869.
Granville, R. K., and Roth,H. L.— Notes on the Jekris, Sobos and Ijos of the Warri district of the Niger Coast Protectorate. J. Anthrop Inst., 1, 101-126.
Gregoire, H.— Enquiry concerning the intellectual and moral faculties, etc., of Ne- groes. Brooklyn, 1810.
Guenebault, J. H., editor.— Natural history of the Negro race. From the French. Charleston, 1837.
Hamilton, J. C— The African in Canada. Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc, XXXVIII, 364- 370.
Harris, S. — The future of the Negro from the standpoint of the Southern physician. Ala. M. J., XIV, 57-68. Also: Am. Med , Phila , 1901, II, 373-376.
Hecht, D. O.— Tabes in the Negro. Am. J. M. Sc, CXXVI, 705-720.
Herring, N. B.— The morphological and psychophysical intrinsicalities of the Negro race.
Herz, M. Der Bau des Negerfusses. Ztschr. f. orthop. Chir., XI., 168-174.
Higgins, R. C— Mortality among Negroes of the South. Nation, 15:105.
Hodges, J. A.— The effect of freedom upon the physical and psychological develop- ment of the Negro. Richmond J. Pract., XIV, 161-171.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 9
Hoffman, F. L. — Race traits and tendencies of the American Negro. Vital statistics of the Negro. Med. News, LXV, 320-324. Vital statistics of Negroes. Arena, 5:529. Holcombe, W. H. — Capabilities of Negro race. Southern Literary Messenger, 33:401. Holley, Jas. T.— Vindication of the capacity of the Negro race, etc. New Haven,
1857. Howard, W. L.— The Negro as a distinct ethnic factor in civilization. Medicine, IX,
423-42t5. Hrdlicka, Ales.— Anthropological investigations on one thousand white and colored
children of both sexes, the inmates of the New York juvenile asylum, etc. N.
Y., 189-1?). Hrdlicka, Ales.— Physiological difference between white and colored children.
Amer. Anthrop., 1898, II, pp. 347-50. Hunt, Jas.— The Negro's place in nature. N. Y., 1864. Jacques.— Contribution a l'ethnologie de PAfrique centrale; huit cranes du Haut-
Congo. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Brux. XV, 188-194. Jacques, V. — Mensurations anthropometriques de trente-neuf Negres du Congo.
Ibid., 237-241. Jarvis, Edward. — Insanity among the colored population, etc. Phila., 1844. Johnson, J. T. — On some of the apparent peculiarities of parturition in the Negro
race, with remarks on race pelvis in general. Am. J.Obst., VIII, 88-123. Johnson, (R. H.) — The physical degeneracy of the modern Negro, with statistics
from the principal cities, showing his mortality from A. D. 1700 to 1897. Johnston, G. W. — Abnormalities and diseases of the genito-urinary system in Negro
women. Maryland M. J., XX, 426-429. Johnstone, H. B.— Notes on the customs of the tribes occupying Mombasa sub- district, British East Africa. J. Anthrop. Inst., XXXII, 263-272. Kollock, C. W.— The eye of the Negro. "Tr. Am. Ophth. Soc, VI, 257-268.
Further observations of the eye of the Negro. Tr. Pan-Am. M. Cong., Wash.,
1895. Pt. 2, 1482-1484. Kulz. — Die hygienesche Beeinflussung der schwarzen Rasse durch die weisse in
Deutsch-Toga, Arch. f. Rassen-u. Gesellch. Biol., II, 673-688. LeHardy, J. C— Mortality among Negroes: the sanitary privileges to which they are
entitled from the authorities. Sanitarian, XXXVII, 492-495. Lehman-Nitsche, R.— Die dunklen Haut flecke der Neugeborenen bei Indianern
und mulatten. Globus, LXXXVI, 297-309. Livini, F. — Contribuzioni alia anatomia del Negro. Arch, per Panthro., XXIX, 203-
228. Lofton, L.— The Negro as a surgical subject. N. Orl. M. & S. J., LIV, 530-533. Macalister, A.— On the osteology of two Negroes. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. Science, III,
347-350. Macdonald, A.— Study of 16,473 white and 5,457 black children. Report Com. Ed., 1897-
8. Chapters 21 & 25. Colored children; a psycho-physical study. J. Am. M. Ass., XXXII, 1140-1144. Macdonald, J. R. L.— East Central Africa customs. J. Anthrop. Inst., XXII, 99-122. Notes on the ethnology of tribes met with during progress of the Juba expedition
of 1897-9. Ibid., II, 226-250. Mapes, C. C— Remarks from the standpoint of sociology. Med. Age, XIV, 713-715. Matas, R.— The surgical peculiarities of the Negro: a statistical inquiry based upon
the records of the Charity Hospital of New Orleans. Tr. Am. Surg. Ass., XIV,
483; 610. Mays, T. J.— Increase of insanity and consumption among the Negro population of
the South since the war. Boston M. & S. J., CXXXV. 537-540. McGuire, H., and Lydston, G. F.— Sexual crimes among the Southern Negroes;
scientifically considered. Va. M. Month., XX, 105-125. Mcintosh, J.— The future of the Negro race. Tr. South Car. M. Ass., 1891t 183-188. Mcintosh, T. M.— Enlarged prostrate and spina bifida in the Negro. Med. Rec, LIV,
350. McKie, T. J.— A brief history of insanity and tuberculosis in the Southern Negro. J,
Am. M. Ass., XXVIII, 537.
10 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
McVey, B.— Negro practice. N. Orl. M. & 8. J , XX, 328-332.
Miller, J. F. — The effects of emancipation upon the mental and physical qualifica- tions of the Negro of the South. North Oar. M. J., XXXVIII, 285-294. Miller, Kelly.— A review of Hoffman's "Race traits and tendencies." Washington.
1897. Michel, M.— Two cervical muscle anomalies in the Negro. Med. Rec, XLI, 125. Mitchell, Mary V.— Clinical Notes from diseases among colored children, Rep. Proc.
Alumnae Ass. Woman's M. Coll., Penn , 5<)--"8. Morison. — Notes sur la formation du pigment chez de Negre. Cong, internat. de
edrmat. et de syph. C.-r., 1889, 130-131. Mortality among Negroes in cites. Proceedings of the conference for investigations
of city problems, held at Atlanta University, May 2(5-27, 1896. De Mortillet, G.— Sur les Negres de l'Algerie et de la Tunisie. Bull. Soc. d'antrop., de
Par., 1890. I, 353-359. Morton, A. S — The color of newly born Negro children. Lancet, II, 1605. Murrell, T. E— Peculiarities in the structure and diseases of the ear of the Negro.
Tr. IX, Internat M. Cong , III, 817-821. Muskat, G.— Per Plattms des Negers. Deutsche med. Wchnschr. XXVIII, 471. Musser, J. H.— Note on pernicious anemia and chlorosis in the Negro. Univ. M.
Mag.,V, 77<). Negro, equality of the races. So. Quar. Review, 21:153. Negro Insane Charities Review, 10:8.
Negro, The: what is his ethnological status? Cincinnati, 1872. Olivier —Les troupes noires de 1' Afrique orientale francaise. Rev. d. troupes colon., II.
97-129. Orr, J. — Some suggestions of interest to physicians on the scientific aspect of the race
question, with particular reference to the white and Negro races. Va. M. Semi- Month, VII 1, 90-95. Oson, Jacob — A search for ti'uth or an inquiry into the origin of the Negro, etc.
N. Y.,1817. Paterson, J. S. — Negroes of the South: increase and movement of the colored popu- lation. Popular Science Monthly, 19:655, 784. Patton, G. W. — An essay on the origin and relative status of the white and colored
races of mankind. Towanda, Pa., 1871. Peney, A. — Etudes sur les races du Soudan. Oompt. rend. Acad. d. sc, XLVIII, 430. Perry, M. L —Insanity and the Negro. Current Literature, 33:4(57.
Some practical problems in sociology shown by a study of the Southern Negro.
Atlanta J cur. Rec. Med., IV, 459-466. Petrie, W. M. F.-An Egyptian ebony statuette of a Negress. Man, 1, 129. Physical characteristics of the Negro. So. Quar. Review, 22:49. Pittard, E. — Le la survivance d'un type Negroide dans les populations modernes de
1 'Europe. Oompt. rend. Acad. d. sc, CXXXVIII, 1533. Plehn, A— Beobachtung in Kamerun, Ueber die Anschauungen und Gehrauche
einiger Negerstamme. Ztsch. rf. Ethnol., XXXVI, 713-728. Ueber die Pathologie Kameruns mit Rucksicht auf die unter den Kustennegern
vorkommenden Krankheiten. Arch. f. Path. Anat., CXXXIX, 539-519. Zur vergleichenden Pathologie der schwarzen Rasse in Kamerun. Ibid.,OXLVL
486-508. Wundheilung bei der schwarzen Rasse. Deutsche Med. Wchnschr., XXII, 544-
546. Die acuten Infektions Krankheiten bei den Negern der aquatorialen Kusten
Westafrikas. Virchow's Arch. f. Path. Anat., CLXXIV., Suppl. Hft., 1-103. Popovsky, J.— Les muscles de la face chez un Negre Achanti. Anthropologic, I, 413-
422. Powell, T. O.— The increase of insanity and tuberculosis in the Southern Negro since
I860, and its alliance and some of the supposed causes. J. Am. M. Aos., XXVII,
1! 85-89. Pritchett, J. A.— Tuberculosis in the Negro. Ala. M. & S. Age, V, 386-421. Ramsay, H. A.— The necrological appearance of southern typhoid fever in the Negro.
Thomson, Ga., 1852.
NEGKO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 11
Ratzel, P.— The History of Mankind; tr. from 2nd German edition by A. J. Butler. New York; 2 Vol., 1104.
Ray, J. M.— Observations upon eye disease and blindness in the colored race. New York M. J., LXJV, 86-88.
Regnault, F.— Pourquoi les Negres sont-ils noirs? (etude sur les causes de la colora- tion de la peau >. Med. Mod., VI, (506.
Reinsch, P. S.— The Negro race and European civilization. Am. J. Sociol., X, 1, 145, 167.
Report of the committee on the comparative health, mortality, length of sentences, etc., of white and colored convicts. Philadelphia, 1849.
Reyburn, R.— Type of disease among the freed people (mixed Negro races') of the United States, based upon the consolidated reports of over 480,466 cases of sick and wounded free people (mixed African races'* and 22,053 of white refugees under treatment from 1865 to June 30, 1873, by medical officers of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. Med. News, LXIII. 623-827.
Richardson, C. H.— Observations among the Cameroon tribes of West Central Africa. Mem. Internat. Cong. Anthrop., 199-207.
Riley, H. C— Color of new born Negroes. Med. Brief, XXVIII, 537.
Ripley, W. Z.— The Races of Europe. New York, 1899.
Robertson, John.— On the period of puberty in the Negro. Edinburgh, 1818.
Robertson, T. L.— The color of Negro children when born. Ala. M. & S. Age, X, 413.
Redes, C. B., .Tr.— The thoracic index in the Negro. Zuschr. f. Morphol. u. Anthrop., IX, l(i3-117.
Rogers, J. G. — The effect of freedom upon the physical and psychological develop- ment of the Negro. Proc. Am Med. Psychol. Ass., XVII, 88-98.
Roscoe, .1.— Notes on the manners and customs of the Baganda. J. Anthrop. Inst.,
XXXI, 117-i3().
Further notes on the manners and customs of the Baganda. Ibid., 1902. XXXII,
25-80. Roth, H. L.— Notes on Benin customs. Internat. Arch. f. Ethnog., XI, 235-242. Roy, P. S.— A case of chorea in a Negro. Med. Rec, XLII, 215. Scheppegrell, W —The comparative pathology of the Negro in diseases of the nose,
threat, and ear, from an analysis of 1 1,855 cases. Proc. Orleans Parish. M. Soc, III,
pp. 85-88. Schiller-Tietz — Die Hautfarbe der neugeborenen Neger kinder. Deutsche Med.
Wchnschr., XXVII, 615.
Schurtz, H. — Pie gecgraphische Verbreitung der Negertrachten. Ibid., IV, 139-53.
Schwarzbach, B. B.— The power of sight of natives of South Africa. Brit. M. J., II, i78l
Semeleder, F.— Negroes in the Mexican Republic. Med. Rec, LVIII, 66.
Sergi, G.— The Mediterranean Race. Lxr.di n, 1 01.
Shaier, N. S —The transplantation of a race. Pop. Sc. Month., LTVI, 513-24.
The luture of the Negro in the Southern States. Ibid., LVII, 147-156.
The Neighbor: the natural history of human contrasts. (The problem of the African). Boston, 1904. Sholl, E H.— The Negro and his death rate. Ala. M. & S. Age, III, 337-341. ShufeJdt, R. W —Comparative anatomical characters of the Negro. Med. Brief,
XXXII, 2(5-28
SimoiK.t.— Considerations sur la coloration de la peau de Negre. Bull. Soc. d'anr
throp de Par., Ill, 140-152. Slavery and the diversity of the races. So. Quar. Review, 19:392. Smith, Anna T.— A study in race psychology. Pop. Sc. Monthly, L, 3.54-360. Sosinsky, T. S.— Medical aspects of Negro. Penn Monthly, 10:529. Steffens, C— Die Verl'einerung des Negertypus in den Vereinigten Staaten. Globus,
LXXIX, 171-74. Stetson, G. R.— Memory tests. Psychol. Rev., 1897, IV, 285-9. Steuner — Ueber Krankheiten der Eingeborenen in Deutsch Ostafrika Arch. f.
Schiffs-u. Tropen-Hyg., VI, 111 ; 1903, VII, 57. Stevens, H. V.— Mittheilungen aus dem Frauenleben der OrangBelendas, derOrang
Djakun und derOrang Laut. Bearbeitet von Max Bartels. Ztschr. f. Ethnol.,
XXXI II, 163-vOJ. •
12 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
Steward. T. G.— Mortality of Negro. Social Economist 9:204.
Stuhlmann, F.— Ein Wahehe-Skelet und die ethnologjsche Stellung der Lendu.
Verhandl. d. Berl. Gesellsch. f. Anthrop., 1894, 422-424. Stuhlmann, F., and Simon.— Anthropologische Aufnahmen aus Ost-Aurica. Ibid.
1895, 656-671. Subgenation: An answer to miscegenation. N. Y., 1864. Sykes, W.— Negro immunity from malaria and yellow fever. Brit. M. J., 1904, II, 1776;
1905, 1,389. Talbot, E. S.— Negro ethnology and sociology. Illinois M. Bull., V, 124-127. Tar box, I. N.— The curse ; or, the position in the world's history occupied by Ham.
Boston, (?) 1864. Tate, H. R.— Notes on the Kikuyu and Kamba tribes of British East Africa. J. An- throp., Inst., XXXIV, 130-148. Testut— Contribution a l'anatomie des races Negres; dissection de trois nouveaux
Negres. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Lyon, IX, 51-68. Thomson, A.— Note on the skin and scalp of the Negro foetus. J. Anat. and Physiol.,
XXV, 282-285. Thomson, Jas., M. D. — A. treatise on the diseases of Negroes . Jamaica, 1820. Thompson, A.— Oraniology (Negroid and non-Negroid skulls). Man, V, 101. , Tiedemann, F.— Das Hirndes Negers mit dem des Europaers und Ourang-Outangs
verglichen. Heidelberg, 1837. Tipton, F.— The Negro problem from a medical standpoint. New York M. J., XLIII,
549. Trager. — Vorstellung der weissen Negerin Amanua sammt ihrer angeblichen Schwes-
ter. Verhandl. d. Berl. Gesellsch., f. Anthrop., 1902, 492. Tria, G.— Ricerche sulla cate del Negro (contribuzione alio studio sul significato funzionale dello strato graculoso e sulla diffusione del pigmento cutaneo). Gior. internaz. d. sc. med., X, 365-369. Turner. Sir W.— Notes on the dissection of a third Negro. J. Anat. and Physiol.,
XXXI, 624-626. United States Censuses: Number, 1790-1900. Sex and age, 1820-1900. Defectives, 1830-1900. Mulattoes, 1850, 1890 (1900). Mortality, 1860-1900. Delinquents, 1880-1900. United States Twelfth Census Bulletins.— References to the Negro- American: No. 1: Distribution. No. 4: Increase.
No. 8: Negroes in the United States, by W. F. Wilcox and W. E. B. DuBois. No. 13: Ages. No. 14: Sexes. No. 15: Mortality. No. 22: Birth rate. Van den Gheyn, R. P.— L'origine Asiatique de la race noire. Compt. rend, du Cong.
scient. internat. d. catholiques, Sect. 8, 132-154. Van Evrie, J. H.— Negroes an inferior race. New York, 1861. Valenti, G. — Varieta delleossa nasali in un Negro del Soudan. Mocitore. Zool. Ital.,
VIII, 191-194. Variot, G. — Observations sur la pigmentation cicatricielle des Negres, et recherches microscopiques sur les naevi pigmentaires d'un mulatre. Bull. Soc. d'anthrop. de Par., XII, 463. Verneau, R.— Les migrations des Ethiopiens. Anthropolozie, X, 641-662. Virchow, R.— Kopfmaasse von 40 Wei- und 19 Kru-Negern. Verhandl. d. Berl. Ge- sellsch. f. Anthrop., 1889, 85-93. Zwei junge Bursche von Kamerun und Togo. Ibid., 541-545. Vital statistics of Negroes of the South. DeBow's Review, 21 :405. Waitz, T. — Die Negervolker und ihre Verwandten. Leipzig, 1860.
Waldeyer, W.— Ueber einige Gehirne von Ost-Afrikanern. Mitth. d. anthrop. Ge- sellsch. in Wien., XIV, 141-144.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 13
Walker, F. A.— Statistics of the colored race in the United States. Pub. Am. Statist. ASS. II, 91-10(5.
Walton, J. T.— The comparative mortality of the white and colored races in the South. Charlotte M. J., X, 291 -294. The comparative mortality of the white and colored races in the South. Char- lotte (N. C.) M. J., X, No. 3, 291-294.
Weisbach, A.— Einige Schadel aus Ostafrika. Wien, 1889.
Whitaker, D. R.— Natural history of Negro. Southern Literary Journal, 3:151; 4:87.
Why is the Negro black? Scientific American, 49:20125.
Widenmann.— Der Plattfuss des Negers. Deutsche Med. Wchnschr., XXVIII, 563.
Williams, Daniel H.— Ovarian cysts in colored women. Reprint from "Chicago Medical Record." 12pp.
Wilser, L.— Urgeschichtliche Neger in Europa. Globus, LXXXVII, 45.
Wolbarst, A. L., Provence D. M., and March, C. J.— The color of Negro babies. Med. News, LXXIII, 844.
Wolff, B.— Deficient vulvar development in Negresses. Med. Age, XVI, 137.
Wortman, J. L.— The Negro's anthropological position. Wash., 1891.
Wyman, J.— Observations on the skeleton of a Hottentot. Boston, 1863.
Willcox, Walter F.— The probable increase of the Negro race in the Urited States. Quarterly Journal of Economics, August,- 1905.
Addendum
Denniker, J.— The Races of Man. New York, 1904.
Negro Health and Physique
1. Races of Men
It is doubtful if many of the persons in the United States who are eagerly and often bitterly discussing race problems have followed very carefully the advances which anthropological science has made in the last decade. Certainly the new knowledge has not j^et reached the common schools in the usual school histories and geographies. As Ripley says :
It may smack of heresy to assert, in face of the teaching of all our text- books on geography and history, that there is no single European or white race of men; and yet that is the plain truth of the matter. Science has ad- vanced since Linnseus' single type of Homo JEuropceus albus was made one of the four great races of mankind. No continental group of human beings with greater diversities or extremes of physical type exists. That fact accounts in itself for much of our advance in culture.*
In our school days most of us were brought up to regard Asia as the mother of European peoples. We were told that an ideal race of men swarmed forth from the Himalayan highlands, disseminating culture right and left as they spread through the barbarous west. The primitive language, parent to all of the varieties of speech — Romance, Teutonic, Slavic, Persian, or Hindustanee — spoken by the so-called Caucasian or white race, was called Aryan. By in- ference this name was shifted to the shoulders of the people themselves, who were known as the Aryan race. In the days when such symmetrical generali- zations held sway there was no science of physical anthropology; prehistoric archaeology was not yet. Shem, Ham, and Japhet were still the patriarchal
♦Ripley, p. 103.
14 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
founders of the great racial varieties of the genus Homo. A new science of philology dazzled the intelligent world by its brilliant discoveries, and its words were law. Since I860 these early inductions have completely broken down in the light of modern research; and even today greater uncertainty prevails in many phases of the question that would have been admitted possi- ble twenty years ago. *
So, too, a leading- Italian anthropologist says:
Whenever there has been any attempt to explain the origin of civilization and of the races called Aryan, whether in the Mediterranean or in Central Europe, all archaeologists, linguists, arid anthropologists have until recent /ears been dominated by the conviction that both civilization and peoples must have their unquestionable cradle in Asia.t
As illustrating the former tendency, Snrgi adds:
A celebrated anthropologist, when measuring the heads of the mummies of the Pharaohs preserved in the Pyramids, wrote that the Egyptians belonged fro the white race. His statement meant nothing; we could construct asyllo- gism showing that the Egyptians are Germans, since the latter also are fair. De Quatrefages classified the Abyssinians among the white races, but if they are black, how can they be white?];
The new anthropology, while taking into account all the older race insignia, like color, hair, form of features, etc., has added to these exact measurements of the underlying bony skeleton Mnd other carefully col- lected data. Of these new measurements the form of the head is being- most emphasized today.
The form of the head is for all racial purposes best measured by what is technically known as the cephalic index. This is simply the breadth of the head above the ears expressed in percentage of its length from forehead to back. Assuming that this length is 100, the width is expressed in a fraction of it. As the head becomes proportionately broader — that is, more fully rounded, viewed from top down — this cephalic index increases. When it rises above 80, the head is called brachycephalic, when it falls below 75, term dolichocephalic is applied to it. Indexes between 75 and 80 are characterized as mesocephalic. §
Based on the new measurements and discoveries, the chief conclu- sions of anthropologists today as to European races are as follows:
1. The European races, as a whole, show signs of a secondary or derived origin; certain characteristics, especially the texture of the hair, lead us to class them as intermediate between the extreme primary types of the Asiatic and the Negro races respectively.
2. The earliest and lowest strata of population in Europe were extremely long-headed; probability points to the living Mediterranean race as most nearly representative of it today.
3. It is highly probable that the Teutonic race of northern Europe is merely a variety of this primitive long-headed type of the stone age; both'its distinctive blondness and its remarkable stature having been acquired in the relative isolation of Scandinavia through the modifying influences of envir- onment and of artificial selection.
4. It is certain that, after the partial occupation of western Europe by a dolichocephalic Africanoid type in the stone age, an invasion by a broad-
* Kipley, pp. 452-8. fSergi, p. J. J Sergi, p. 35. $ Ripley, p. '6i.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 15
headed race of decidedly Asiatic affinities took place. This intrusive element is represented today by the Alpine type of Central Europe.*
What was now this Mediterranean race whence the Europeans were primarily derived? Sergi adds:
In opposition to the theory of a migration from the north of Europe to the west and then to Africa, I am, on the contrary, convinced that a migration of the African racial element took place in primitive times from the south towards the north. The types of Cro-Magnon, L'Homme-Mort, and other French and Belgian localities, bear witness to the presence of an African stock in the same region in which we find the dolmens and other cnegalithic monuments erroneously attributed to the Celts, f
He adds:
We have no reason to suppose that the movement of emigration in the east of Africa stopped at the Nile valley ; we may suppose that it extended towards the east of Egypt, into Syria and the regions around Syria, and thence into Asia Minor. It is possible that in Syria this immigration encountered the primitive inhabitants, or a population coming from northern Arabia, and mingled with them or subjugated them. %
Sergi's conclusions are:
1. That the primitive populations of Europe originated in Africa.
2. The basin of the Mediterranean was the chief center of the movement whence the African migration reached central and northern Europe.
3. From this great Eurafrican stock came —
(a) The present inhabitants of northern Africa.
(b) The Mediterranean race.
(c) The Nordic or Teutonic race.
4. These three varieties of one stock were not "Aryan," nor of Asiatic origin.
5. The primitive civilization of Europe is Afro-Mediterranean, becoming eventually Afro-European.
6. Greek and Roman civilization were not Aryan but Mediterranean.!
This primitive race was a colored race:
If, therefore, as all consistent students of natural history hold today, the human races have evolved in the past from some common root type, this pre- dominant dark color must be regarded as the more primitive. It is not per- missible for an instant to suppose that 99 per cent of the human species has varied from a blond ancestry, while the flaxen-haired Teutonic type alone has- remained true to its primitive characteristics. ||
The types of Greek and Roman statuary:
Do not in the slightest degree recall the features of a northern race; in the delicacy of the cranial and facial forms, in smoothness of surface, in the ab- sence of exaggerated frontal bosses and supra-orbital arches, in the harmony of the curves, in the facial oval, in the rather low foreheads, they recall the beautiful and harmonious heads of the brown Mediterranean race. If
Of the part of this great stock which remained in North Africa. Sergi says:
The area of geographical distribution of these African populations is im- mense, for it reaches from the Red Sea to the Atlantic, from the equator, aud
* Ripley, p. 457-470. f Sergi, p. 70. J Sergi, p. 144. $ Sergi, pp. V-VII.
|| Ripley, p. 405. II Sergi, p. 20.
16 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
even beyond the' equator to the Mediterranean. In this vast area we find, when we exclude racial mixtures, that the physical characters of the skele- ton, as regards head and face are uniform, but that the physical characters of the skin and intermediate parts, that is to say, the development and form of the soft parts, vary. This uniformity of the cranio-facial skeletal characters, which I consider the guiding thread in anthropological research, has led me to regard as a single human stock all the varieties distributed in the area already mentioned. In the varying cutaneous coloration I see an effect of temperature, of climate, of alimentation, and of the manner of life.*
2. The Negro Race
It has usually been assumed that of all races the Negro race is, by reason of its pronounced physical characteristics, easiest to distinguish. Exacter studies and measurements prove this untrue. The human species so shade and mingle with each other that not only indeed is it impossible to draw a color line between black and other races, but in all physical characteristics the Negro race cannot be set off by itself as absolutely different. This was formerly assumed to be the case even by scientists and led to the queer reductio ad adsurdum that \Tery few real pure Negroes existed even in Africa. As Ratzel points out:
The name "Negro" originally embraces one of the most unmistakable con- ceptions of ethnology — the African with dark skin, so-called "woolly" hair, thick lips and nose ; and it is one of the prodigious, nay amazing achieve- ments of critical erudition to have latterly confined this (and that even in Africa, the genuine old Negro country) to a small district. For if with Waitz we assume that Gallas, Nubians, Hottentots, Kaffirs, the Congo races, and the Malagasies are none of them genuine Negroes, and if with Schweinforth we further exclude Shillooks and Bongos, we find that the continent of Africa is peopled throughout almost its whole circuit by races other than the genuine Negro, while in its interior, from the southern extremity to far beyond the equator it contains only light-colored South Africans, and the Bantu or Kaffir peoples."
Nothing then remains for the Negroes in the pure sense of the word save, as Waitz says, "a tract of country extending over not more than 10 or 12 de- grees of latitude, which may be traced from the mouth of the Senegal river to Timbuctoo, and thence extended to the regions about Sennaar." Even in this the race reduced to these dimensions is permeated by a number of people belonging to other stocks. According to Latham, indeed, the real Negro country extends only from the Senegal to the Niger If we ask what justifies so narrow a limitation, we find that the hideous Negro type, which the fancy of observers once saw all over Africa, but which, as Livingstone says, is really to be seen only as a sign in front of tobacco-shops, has on closer inspection evaporated from almost all parts of Africa, to settle no one knows how in just this region. If we understand that an extreme case may have been taken for the genuine and pure form, even so we do not comprehend the ground of its geographical limitation and location ; for wherever dark woolly-haired men dwell, this ugly type also crops up. We are here in presence of a refinement of science which to an unprejudiced eye will hardly hold water. +
* Sergi, pp. 248-9. fRatzel, II, p. 313.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 17
Three things have been especially emphasized as characteristic of Negroes: their color, hair and features. As to color in human beings, Ripley says:
One point alone seems to have been definitely proved: however marked the contrasts in color between the several varieties of human species may be,there is no corresponding difference in anatomical structure discoverable.
Pigmentation arises from the deposition of coloring matter in a special series of cells, which lie just between the translucent outer skin or epidermis and the inner or true skin known as the cutis. It was long supposed that these pigment cells were peculiar to the dark-skinned races; but investigation has shown that the structure in all types is identical. The differences in color are due, not to presence or absence of the cells themselves, but to varia- tions in the amount of pigment therein deposited. In this respect, therefore, the Negro differs physiologically, rather than anatomically, from the Euro- pean or the Asiatic*
The cause of this physiological difference is climate, the rays of the sun, humidity, and such natural forces:
The best working hypothesis is ... . that this coloration is due to the combined influences of a great number of factors of environment working through physiological processes, none of which can be isolated from the others. One point is certain, whatever the cause may be — that this character- istic has been very slowly acquired, and has today become exceedingly per- sistent in several races, t
Sergi says of the Mediterranean race:
We may therefore conclude that as residence under the equator has pro- duced the red-brown and black coloration of the stock, and residence in the Mediterranean the brown colour, so northern Europe has given origin to the white skin, blond hair, and blue or grey eyes. I believe we may consider this a beautiful example of the formation and variation of external characters among a .section of the human race which from time immemorial has been diffused by migrations between the equator and the arctic circle, and has formed its external characters according to the variations of latitude and the concomitant external conditions.^
As to hair, we are told that —
The two extremes of hair texture in the human species are the crisp, curly variety so familiar to us in the African Negro; and the stiff wiry straight hair of the Asiatic and the American aborigines. These traits are exceedingly persistent; they persevere oftentimes through generations of ethnic inter- mixture. It has been shown by Pruner Bey and others that this outward con- trast in texture is due to, or at all events coincident with, real morphological differences in structure. The curly hair is almost always of a flattened, rib- bon-like form in cross section, as examined miscroscopically ; while, cut squarely across, the straight hair more often inclines to a fully rounded or cylindrical shape. Moreover, this peculiarity in cross section may often be detected in any crossing of these extreme types. The result of such inter- mixture is to impart a more or less wavy appearance to the hair, and to pro- duce a cross section intermediate between a flattened oval and a circle. Roughly speaking, the more pronounced the flatness the greater is the tend- ency toward waviness or curling, and the reverse.!
* Ripley, p. 58. + Ripley, p. 62. 1 Sergi, p. 254. § Ripley, p. 457.
18 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
Anthropologists today are putting less stress on the development of the soft parts of the human frame — the skin, nose, cheeks and lips, but have come to regard the cranio-facial skeletal characteristics as "the guiding thread on anthropological research."* Even here the matter of absolute size and weight is of minor importance:
Equally unimportant to the anthropologist is the absolute size of the head. It is grievous to contemplate the waste of energy when, during our civil war, over one million soldiers had their heads measured in respect of this absolute size; in view of the fact that today anthropologists deny any considerable significance attaching this characteristic. Popularly, a large head with beet- ling eyebrows suffices to establish a man's intellectual credit; but like all other credit, it is entirely dependent upon what lies on deposit elsewhere. Neither size nor weight of the brain seems to be of importance. The long, narrow heads, as a rule, have a smaller capacity than those in which the breadth is considerable, but exceptions are so common that they disprove the rule. Among the earliest men whose remains have been found in Europe, there was no appreciable difference from the present living populations. In many cases these prehistoric men even surpassed the present population in the size of the head. The peasant and the philosopher can not be distin- guished in this respect. For the same reason the striking difference between the sexes, the head of the man being considerably larger than the head of the woman, means nothing more than avoirdupois, or rather it seems merely to be correlated with the taller stature and more massive frame of the human male.f
Great stress used to be put on the facial angle, but we are told now that —
Prognathism, that is to say the degree of projection of the maxillary portion of the face, is a characteristic trait of certain skulls ; however, itdoes not seem to play so important a part in the classification of races as anthropologists had thought twenty or thirty years ago. It presents too many individual va- rieties to be taken as a distinctive character of race. %
We have, then, in the so-called Negro races to do with a great variety of human types and mixtures of blood representing at bottom a human variation which separated from the primitive human stock some ages after the yellow race and before the Mediterranean race, and which has since intermingled with these races in all degrees of admixture so that today no absolute separating line can be drawn.
The real history of human races is unknown. A probable theory would be that the first great division of men took place at the roof of the world, the Asiatic Himalaya mountains; that here the primitive brown stock of men divided — those to southward gradually through ages becoming long-headed and tall, and those to northward broad- headed and shorter. From the southern long-headed variety developed in ages the closely allied Negro and Mediterranean races and from the Mediterranean race and the invading Asiatics came modern Europeans.
The first great step in civilization which mankind took after the Stone Age was the discovery and use of iron.
uThe achievements of races are not only what they have done during
* Sergi, p. 249. +Ripley,j). 43. JDenniker, p. 63.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 19
the short span of 2,000 years, when with rapidly increasing numbers the total amount of mental work accumulated at an ever increasing rate. In this the European, the Chinaman, the East Indian, have far outstripped other races. But back of this period lies the time when mankind struggled with the elements, when every small advance that seems to us now insignificant was an achievement of the highest order, as great as the discovery of steam power or of electricity, if not greater. It may well be, that these early inventions were made hardly con- sciously, certainly not by deliberate effort, yet every one of them rep- resents a giant's stride forward in the development of human culture. To these early advances the Negro race has contributed its liberal share. While much of the history of early invention is shrouded in darkness, it seems likely that at a time when the European was still satisfied with rude stone tools, the African had invented or adopted the art of smelting iron.
"Consider for a moment what this invention has meant for the ad- vance of the human race. As long as the hammer, knife, saw, drill, the spade and the hoe had to be chipped out of stone, or had to be made of shell or hard wood, effective industrial work was not impossible, but difficult. A great progress was made when copper found in large nuggets was hammered out into tools and later on shaped by melting, and when bronze was introduced ; but the true advancement of indus- trial life did not begin until the hard iron was discovered. It seems not unlikely that the people that made the marvelous discovery of re- ducing iron ores by smelting were the African Negroes. Neither ancient Europe, nor ancient western Asia, nor ancient China knew the iron, and everything points to its introduction from Africa. At the time of the great African discoveries towards the end of the past cen- tury, the trade of the blacksmith was found all over Africa, from north to south and from east to west. With his simple bellows and a charcoal fire he reduced the ore that is found in many part of the continent and forged implements of* great usefulness and beauty."*
Egyptian civilization was the result of Negroid Mediterranean cul- ture, while to the south arose the ancient Negro civilization of Ethio- pia, and still further south we find ruins of ancient Bantu culture.
The primitive culture of the mass of uncivilized Africans long ago reached a high grade. There was "extended early African agriculture,, each village being surrounded by its garden patches and fields in which millet is grown. Domesticated animals were also kept; in the agri- cultural regions chickens and pigs, while in the arid parts of the coun- try where agriculture is not possible, large herds of cattle were raised. It is also important to note that the cattle were milked, an art which in early times was confined to Africa, Europe and northern Asia, while even now it has not been acquired by the Chinese.
"The occurrence of all these arts of life points to an early and energetic development of African culture.
*Boas: Commencement Address at Atlanta University.
20 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
"Even if we refrain from speculating on the earliest times, conceding that it is difficult to prove the exact locality where so important an invention was made as that of smelting iron, or where the African mil- let was first cultivated, or where chickens and cattle were domestica- ted, the evidence of African ethnology is such that it should inspire you with the hope of leading your race from achievement to achieve- ment. Shall I remind you of the power of military organization ex- hibited by the Zulu, whose kings and whose armies swept southeastern Africa? Shall I remind you of the local chiefs, who by dint of diplo- macv, bravery and wisdom, united the scattered tribes of the wide areas into flourishing kingdoms, of the intricate form of government necessary for holding together the heterogeneous tribes?
"If you wish to understand the possibilities of the African under the stimulus of a foreign culture, you may look towards the Soudan, the region south of the Sahara. When we first learn about these countries by the reports of the great Arab traveller, Iben Batuta, who lived in the fourteenth century, we hear that the old Negro kingdoms were early conquered by the Mohammedans. Under the guidance of the Arabs, but later on by their own initiative, the Negro tribes of these countries organized kingdoms which lived for many centuries. They founded flourishing towns in which at annual fairs thousands and thousands of people assembled. Mosques and other public buildings were erected and the execution of the laws was entrusted to judges. The history of the kingdom was recorded by officers and kept in archives. So well organized were these states that about 1850, when they were for the first time visited by a white man, the remains of these archives were still found in existence, notwithstanding all the political upheavals of a millenium and notwithstanding the ravages of the slave trade.
"I might also speak to you of the great markets that are found throughout Africa, at which commodities were exchanged or sold for native money. I may perhaps remind you of the system of judicial procedure, of prosecution and defense, which had early developed in Africa, and -whose formal development was a great achievement not- withstanding its gruesome application in the prosecution of witchcraft. Nothing, perhaps, is more encouraging than a glimpse of the artistic industry of native Africa. I regret that we have no place in this coun- try where the beauty and daintiness of African work can be shown ; but a walk through the African museums of Paris, London and Berlin is a revelation. I wish you could see the scepters of African kings, carved of hard wood and representing artistic forms; or the dainty basketry made by the people of the Kongo river and of the region near the great lakes of the Nile, or the grass mats with their beautiful patterns. Even more worthy of our admiration is the work of the blacksmith, who manufactures symmetrical lance heads almost a yard long, or axes inlaid with copper and decorated with filigree. Let me also mention in passing the bronze castings of Benin on the west coast of Africa, which, although perhaps due to Portuguese influences, have so far ex-
NEGPvO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 21
celled in technique any European work, that they are even now almost inimitable. In short, wherever you look, you find a thrifty people, full of energy, capable of forming large states. You find men of great energy and ambition who hold sway over their fellows by the weight of their personality. That this culture has, at the same time, the insta- bility and other signs of weakness of primitive culture, goes without- saying.
"To you, however, this picture of native Africa will inspire strength, for all the alleged faults of your race that you have to conquer here are certainly not prominent there. In place of indolence you find thrift and ingenuity, and application to occupations that require not only in- dustry, but also inventiveness and a high degree of technical skill, and the surplus energy of the people does not spend itself in emotional ex- cesses only.
"If, therefore, it is claimed that your race is doomed to economic infe- riority, you may confidently look to the home of your ancestors and say. that you have set out to recover for the colored people the strength that was their own before they set foot on the shores of this continent. You may say that you go to work with bright hopes, and that you will not be discouraged by the slowness of your progress; for you have to recover not only what has been lost in transplanting the Negro race from its native soil to this continent, but you must reach higher levels than your ancestors had ever attained.
tkTo those who stoutly maintain a material inferiority of the Negro race and who would dampen your ardor by their claims, you may con- fidently reply that the burden of proof rests with them, that the past history of your race does not sustain their statement, but rather gives you encouragement. The physical inferiority of the Negro race, if it exists at all. is insignificant, when compared to the wide range of indi- vidual variability in each race. There is no anatomical evidence avail- able that would sustain the view that the bulk of the Negro race could not become as useful citizens as the members of any other race. That there may be slightly different hereditary traits seems plausible, but it is entirely arbitrary to assume that those of the Negro, because perhaps slightly different, must be of an inferior type."*
Other investigators emphasize these facts. Ratzel says:
In this connection the point to be most weightily emphasized is that the Ne- gro has now passed wholly out of the stage which we are wont to denote by the "Stone Age." All their more important implements and weapons which might be of stone are now of iron.t
In alliance with stimulus from without, the interior of Africa has had a de- velopment of its own, variable no doubt, but wherever it has been undis- turbed, copious. The striking point about African ethnography is that as we go towards the interior, the level of culture, so far as measured by the abund- ance and variety of its stock of possessions, by persistency in the conditions,' by the prosperity and density of the population, is greater than in the outer districts. ... In connection with the question of the African capacity for de-
* Boas, Commencement Address at Atlanta University. -j-Eatzel, 2:387.
22 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
velopment, and the possible points at which higher culture may take hold, we will give a closer glance at the points where a notable superiority to the standard of inner Africa is observable. No injustice is done to the "autoch- thonous civilizations" of the Monbuttus, the Waganda, the Bangala, and others, if we look for their superiority primarily in the material ingredients of cul- ture. Therein they do but maintain the inmost essence of African culture ; for it is just the contrast between the high development of the material side and the backward condition of the spiritual that gives African culture as a whole its peculiar character. In that industrious pursuit of agriculture and cattle-breeding beside so limited a development of political and religious in- stitutions there seems to be something heavy, depressing, stationary. Hence, too, the astonishing regularity of its distribution. This condition of things bears, in the first place, the mark of an inland life, but has also a deep root in
the Negro disposition, of which the chief strength lies not in but in
perseverance.*
That African culture did not go far higher than this is due to (a) cli- mate, (b) geography, and (c) the slave-trade.
. We must bear Africa in our eye if we would understand the Africans. The destinies of races are in truth dependent on the soil upon which men travel and whence they draw their food, according as it limits them or lets them spread; on the sky which determines the amount of warmth and moisture that they shall have; on the dower of plants and 'animals, and we may add minerals, from which they get the means of feeding, clothing and beautifying themselves, and of providing themselves with friends, helpers, and allies, but which may also raise up enemies. Africa is the most westerly portion of the mass of land which covers over a third of the Eastern Hemisphere in a vast connected system, and it extends nearly as far to the south of Australia. The southern border of the Old World encloses a great basin, whose western edge is skirted by Africa, its eastern by Australia — the Indian Ocean. In it lie the Largest African and Asiatic islands, Madagascar, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, as well as the peninsulas of Somaliland, Arabia, Hither and Further India. Far beyond it, to the eastward, extend lands and islands, so far that one may well ask whether the unoccupied space between Easter Island and South America formed a permanent bar to the extension of races which had already covered a space three times as wide. When one has to speak of the ethnography of the African races one always remembers this great half-enclosed bight, which might be called the Indo- African Mediterranean. . . . When we are consid- ering the possibility of navigation between the remoter coasts of Africa and other quarters of the earth, our thoughts turn spontaneously upon its shape. We miss features favorable to navigation, gulfs and bays, peninsulas and islands. Owing to the absence from this continent of arms and inlets of the sea, the tribes of the interior have always been cut off from intercourse with Europeans; while the ruling principle of the coast tribes was to hold the po- sition of middlemen between them and Europeans. The length of the coast- line of Africa, compared with that of Europe, is little more than one-fifth. Only the northeast and the north, so far as they are bordered by the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, show a little more variety. But this is just where climatic conditions encourage the desert-formation to extend at many points as far as the coast. Madagascar, the only large island of this quarter of the earth, has led a separate life of its own. Other forces have also had a checking effect on the development of African
♦Ratzel, 2:254.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 2&
culture. What a great portion of the earth may lose in the way of accessibility through defective conformation in some measure be compensated for by rivers. In Africa, however, the physical geography does not allow this com- pensation to operate in an adequate degree ; the interior, a highland region surrounded with mountains, causes the rivers to descend to the lowland, itself of no great dimensions, in cataracts. Along their more distant course in the interior, some rivers, in conjunction with the great lakes, are important aids to intercourse so far as native requirements go ; but the road to the sea is cut off.*
The chief present inhabitants of Africa are classed by Denniker as follows:
Putting on one side the Madagascar islanders and the European and other colonists, the thousands of peoples and tribes of the "dark continent" may be grouped, going from north to south, into six great geographical, linguistic, and, in part, anthropological units : 1st, the Arabo-Berbers or Semito-Hamites ; 2nd, the Ethiopians or Kushito-Hamites ; 3rd, the Fulah-Zandeh ; 4th, the Xegrilloes or Pygmies; 5th, the Xigritians or Sudanese-Guinea Negroes; 6th, the Bantus; 7th, the Hottentot-Bush men. t
It must not be thought, however, that hard and fast lines between these groups can be drawn. On the contrary, we must —
Premise the unity of by far the greatest part of the races of this quarter of the earth, and starting from this, regard the differences as varying shades. %
The nucleus of the populations of Africa in respect to both geographical position and of mass, is Ethiopian ; dark brown skin, woolly hair, thick — or rather everted — lips, and a tendency to strong development of the facial and maxillary parts. To such races Africa, south of the Great Desert, has belonged from the earliest historical period, and the Desert itself probably once did belong. In the extreme south, in a compact group, and in small groups also in the interior, a light brown variety, of low stature. The north beyond the desert, however, is inhabited by men in general of light color, whether red- dish like the Egyptians, or yellowish like the Arabs, showing curly rather than woolly hair, and a less conspicuous facial and maxillary development. The Berbers of the Atlas are even like southern Europeans. But the charac- teristics of the mass are not sharply opposed to the Ethiopian, deviating rather by way of mixture and attenuation.
This is more than an idle assumption as is shown by the history of the African races. From the earliest times of which we have any knowledge dark men have continually filtered through, chiefly by way of the slave-trade, to the lighter north. For this reason we may say with Fritsch that a general consideration of African ethnology shows the Soudan to have been the start- ing-point. It forms the middle member between dark and light Africa, appa- rently divided parts, out of which its mobile races have tended to make one whole. Negroes crossed the Alps with Hannibal, and fell at Worth beside MacMahon. Whatever their original nature may have been, all this popula- tion must have been alloyed with a strong Ethiopian element, as our cut of Fezzan man shows. The entire Semitic and Hamitic population of Africa has, in other words, a mulatto character which extends to the Semites outside Africa.^
* Ratzel, II, pp. 237-41. f Denniker, 431. J Ratzel, 2:244. $Ratzel. 2:245-47.
24 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
3. The Negro Brain
It is usually assumed that there are great differences between the European and African brain and that here the inevitable inferiority of the Africans shows itself. Denniker, however, says:
The weight of the encephalon varies enormously according to individuals. Topinard in a series of 519 Europeans, men of the lower and middle classes, found that variations in weight extended from 1025 grams to 1675 grams. The average weight of the brain among adult Europeans (20 to 60 years) has been fixed by Topinard, from an examination of 11,000 specimens weighed, at 1361 grams for man, 1290 grams for woman. It has been asserted that the other races have a lighter brain, but the fact has not been established by a sufficient number of examples. In reality all that can be put against the 11,000 brain- weighings mentioned above concerning the cerebral weights of non-European races, amounts to nothing, or almost nothing. The fullest series that Topinard has succeeded in making, that of Negroes, comprises only 190 brains, that of Annamese, which comes immediately after, contains only 18 brains.' And what do the figures of these series teach us?
The first series dealing with Negroes, gives a mean weight not much differ- ent from that of Europeans— 1316 grams for adult males of from 20 to 60 years ; and the second dealing with the Annamese, a mean weight of 1341 grams, almost identical with that of Europeans. For other populations we have only the weight of isolated brains, or of series of three, four, or at most eleven specimens, absolutely insufficient for any conclusions whatever to be drawn, seeing that individual variations are as great in exotic races as among Europeans, to judge by Negroes (1013 to 1587 grams) and by Annameses (from 1145 to 1450 grams).*
On this subject Mr. Monroe N. Work, A. M., of the Savannah State College, contributes the following memorandum:
Most writers hold that the Negro brain is smaller than the Cau- casian, t The first objection to this conclusion is that there has not been a sufficient number of Negro brains examined upon which to base a generalization. The total number of Negro brains which have been examined in America with reference to size is about 500. The number reported by European investigators is a little more than 200, making a total of about 700. This number is absolutely too small to base gener- alizations concerning the twenty or more million persons of Negro de- scent in the western hemisphere and the hundreds of millions in Africa, among whom are found variations as great and of the same kind as those found among white races.
But granting that the data are sufficient, another objection is that in giving the weight of Negro brains it appears that almost no account has been taken of age, stature, social class, occupation, nutrition, and cause of death; each of which separately or all together affect both the weight and structure of the brain. The following table shows brain weight in connection with age and stature, t
* Denniker, p. 97.
fSee Bean, "The Negro Brain," The Century Magazine, Sept. 1906. | From Marshall's tables based on Boyd's records; Donaldson, the Growth of the Brain, p. 97.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE
25
|
MALES |
FEMALES |
||
|
AGE |
WEIGHT OF ENCEPHALON |
WEIGHT OF ENCEPHALON |
AGE |
|
Stature 164 cm. and under |
Stature 152 cm. and under |
||
|
20-40 41-70 71-90 |
1331 grams 1297 " 1251 " Stature 167-172 cm. |
1199 grams 1205 " 1122 " Stature 155-160 cm. |
20-40 41-70 71-90 |
|
20-40 41-70 71-90 |
1360 grams 1335 " 1305 " Stature 175 cm. and upwards |
1218 grams 1212 " 1121 " Stature 163 cm. and upwards |
20-40 41-70 71-90 |
|
20-40 |
1409 grams 1363 " 1330 " |
1265 grams 1209 " 1166 " |
20-40 |
|
41-70 71-90 |
41-70 71-90 |
||
The third objection is that the differences in the average weight of Negro and white brains are not sufficiently great to warrant the con- clusion that if an equally large number of Negro brains were taken with reference to age, stature, etc., there would be any marked differ- ences in weight. Topinard found the average weight of 11,000 European brains to be 1361 grams for men and 1290 for women. He found the average for 190 male Negroes to be 1316 grams. Peacock found an aver- age of 1388 grams for English from a series of 28 brains; while Boyd, from a series of 425, found an average of 1354. Hunt found an average of 1327 grams for a series of 381 United States Negro soldiers.
The following table shows what wide variations may occur among races of the same region and of fairly similar culture:
Table showing the xveight of the encephalon in several transcaucasian tribes. Weight taken with pia and without drainage. (Gilchenko) :*
No. of Cases
RACE
SEX
Age Years
Mean Stature
10 Ossetes Males.
15 Ingouches . . .
2 Tcerkesses. . .
3 Daghestan. . .
12 Armenian
13 Georgian
.21-34 Mm
.18-30 1704 "
1695 "
1650 "
.16-60 1634 "
.19-65 1669 "
Females 25-28.
1590
Mean weight Encephalon
1470 grams
1453 "
1532 "
1340 "
1369 "
1350 "
1207 "
Broca found the mean weight of the pia to be for males 55.8 grams and for females 48.7 grams. The variation for males ranged from 38 to 130 grams.
In the most recent investigation of Negro brains, those whom the investigator classes as one-half and one-fourth white have almost as great or a greater brain weight, 1340 and 1347 grams, than those who are classed as white, 1341 ; and they have agreater average brain weight than the English, I and II, 1335, 1328, and the French, 1325 grams, of the European series which he presents. He found the average weight of the Negro females, 1108, to be greater than that of the white females, 1103. f
It is to be noted just here that no especial importance is to be attached to the classification by observation of Negroes as pure blacks, one- eighth, one-fourth, one-half white, etc. For popular purposes it is suffl-
* Donaldson, loc. cit., p. 114. tSee Bean, Op. Cit.
26
ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFEKENCE
cient to merely note the color of the skin, texture of the hair, etc. ; but for scientific purposes it is necessary that the ancestry be investigated. The writer is acquainted with many persons who by inspection would be classed as one-fourth white, when in reality they are three-fourths and others who would be classed as three-eighths or more, when as a matter of fact they are only one-eighth white. And even if an accurate classification of American Negroes was made according to blood it would still be necessary to classify them according to age, stature, social class, etc., before any conclusion would be warranted respecting the relative brain weights of pure Negroes and those of mixed blood.
Still another objection to the conclusion that the Negro brain is smaller than the Caucasian is that the variability in the brain weight of the two races falls within almost the same limits. The following- table illustrates this:
No. of
Cases RACE
79 Negroes (Bean)*
381 Negro soldiers (Hunt) Males.
190 Negroes (Topinardh "
278 White (Clondenning) and others.. . "
45 " Eminent men "
13 " Georgian " ..
12 " Armenian " ..
10 " Ossetes " ..
Minimum wt. Maximum wt. SEX Encephalon Encephalon
|
900 grams-}- 1600 gramsf |
|
|
978 |
' .. 1729 " |
|
1013 |
' .. 1587 " |
|
964 |
' .. 1813 " |
|
1207 |
' .. 1830 " |
|
1183 |
' 1530 * |
|
1232 |
' .. 1545 " |
|
1306 |
' . . 1541 " |
It is further asserted that there is much difference in the structure of white and Negro brains. The investigator mentioned above has at- tempted to show that the size and shape of the front end of the cerebrum is different in the two races. In proof of this, views of the frontal lobes and of the mesial surfaces of the hemispheres of a white and Negro brain and two tables of brain measurements, are presented. The weak- ness of this proof is that generalizations are made from too few ex- amples; it appears to be inferred that all white brains have exactly or almost exactly the same detailed shape. The table of brain measure- ments, which is presented with averages, indicates that what is stated as being characteristic of Negro brains is not true of all the small num- ber of Negro brains which he examined. X
* Sex is not distinguished in connection with brain variability. See Bean, Op. Cit., p. 780. Chart of brain weight. -{•"About 9001" and "about leOO" grams.
J There are several discrepancies in this article of Dr. Bean's, e. g., he says: "The brains I have studied were accurately weighed and the weights are classified as fol- lows," giving the number. There is a lack of agreement between the number of brains which he says he compared— 103 Negro and 49 white— and the number he presents, 79 Negro and 60 white, in the table of brain weights, and 65 and 87 Negro and 45 and 51 white, in the table of brain measurements. In one table the average weight of 51 Negro male brains is given as 1292 grams. From the next table given, showing the average brain weight according to white blood, it appears that the general average of these same 51 brains is 1254 grams. The length of the section of the frontal lobe of the white brain shown is, he says, between 2 and 2.5 centimeters, for lobe of Negro brain between 1.5 and 2 centimeters. The table of brains of Negro soldiers has many errors, e. g., the table he presents is as follows:
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 27
It is also stated that the white brains have more elaborate convolu- tions and deeper flssuration than Negro brains. It is apparently not taken into account that flssuration and convolution depend upon sev- eral variables. As for example, a brain possessed of an extensive cor- tex with the elements incompletely associated can be a much folded brain, because in order to apply it to the surface of the cerebrum it must be thrown into many gyri. On the other hand, the associating fibers maybe so developed as to increase the central mass, thereby giving a larger surface to which the cortex may be applied and thus tend to increase the cortical folds. These facts, with those from com- parative anatomy respecting the flssuration and convolution of the brains of beasts and birds, seem to indicate that there is no certain relation between brain convolution and intelligence.
The best evidence seems to indicate that the organization and, there- fore, the details of the structure of the central nervous system are con- tinually being modified through life. That is, changes are constantly occuring. These changes, which are many and varied, are caused by age, occupation, nutrition, disease, etc. This fact of constant change makes it very doubtful whether any uniformity in the finer details of structure will be found in white brains, particularly if they are brains of different sizes from persons of different ages, statures, etc., and the cause of death not being the same. These facts, in connection with the well established fact that those characters which are said to be dis- tinctive of particular races are found with more or less frequency in other races, seem to indicate that what has been described as being peculiar in the size, shape, and anatomy of the Negro brain is not true of all Negro brains. These same peculiarities can no doubt be found in many white brains and probably have no special connection with the mental capacity of either race.
4. The Negro=American
The transplantation of the Negro race to America was one of the most tremendous experiments in race migration the world has ever seen.
"The exact proportions of the slave-trade to America can be but ap- proximately determined. From 1680 to 1688 the African Company sent 249 ships to Africa, shipped there 60,783 Negro slaves, and after losing
No. of brains Grade of color Av. brain wt .
24 White 1478 grams
25 ■% 1390
47 >| 1331
51 % 1315
95 1-8 1305
22 1-16 1275
141 Black 1328
The true figures reduced from Hunt's report in Journal of Psychological Medicine and Jurisprudence, Vol. I, No. II, October, 1867, p. 182, is as follows: White, 1475; three-fourths white, 1390; one-half white, 1334; one-fourth white, 1319; one-eighth white, 1308; one-sixteenth white, 1280; black, 1331 grams.
28 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
14,387 on the middle passage, delivered 46,396 in America. The trade increased early in the eighteenth century, 104 ships clearing for Africa in 1701 ; it then dwindled until the signing of the Assiento, standing at 74 clearings in 1724. The final dissolution of the monopoly in 1750 led — excepting in the years 1754-57, when the closing of Spanish marts sensibly affected the trade — to an extraordinary development, 192 clearings being made in 1771. The Revolutionary war nearly stopped the traffic but by 1786 the clearances had risen again to 146.
ltTo these figures must be added the unregistered trade of Americans and foreigners. It is probable that about 25,000 slaves were brought to America each year between 1698 and 1707. The importation then dwindled, but rose after the Assiento to perhaps 30,000. The proportion, too, of these slaves carried to the continent now began to increase. Of about 20,000 whom the English annually imported from 1733 to 1766, South Carolina alone received some 3,000. Before the Revolution, the total exportation to America is variously estimated as between 40,000 and 100,000 each year. Bancroft places the total slave population of the continental colonies at 59,000 in 1714, 78,000 in 1727, and 293,000 in 1754. The census of 1790 showed 697,897 slaves in the United States."*
The slaves thus procured came from all parts of Africa — the Soudan, Central and South Africa. Distinct traces of Arab and even Malay blood could be seen side by side with the tall Bantu, the yellow Hot- tentot and the African dwarfs. The shipment of the slaves drawn from this wide area centered on the west coast of Africa along the Gulf of Guinea, and these west coast Africans were consequently most fre- quently represented on the slave ships.
This Negro population, which began to reach the confines of the present United States in 1619. has increased until in 1900 in the conti- nental United States it numbered 8,833,994 souls or, today, 1906, not less than 9,500,000.
The first and usual assumption concerning this race is that it repre- sents a pure Negro type. This is an error. Outside the question of what the pure Negro type is, the Negro-American represents a very wide and thorough blending of nearly all African people from north to south ; and more than that, it is to a far larger extent than many real- ize, a blending of European and African blood. It is to this feature especially that this section is devoted.
In the Romanes lecture of 1902, at Oxford University, Mr. James Bryce after coming to many important conclusions concerning the darker races of men, and especially their relations to the whites, frankly acknowledges at last, that so far as intermingling of blood is concerned uone is surprised when one comes to inquire into the matter to find how little positive evidence there is bearing un it,'1 and he further remarks that the subject "deserves to be fully investigated by men of science."
In America we have, on account of the wide-spread mixture of races
* DuBols: Suppression of the African Slave Trade, p. 5.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE
29
of all kinds, one of the most interesting anthropological laboratories conceivable. This is true also so far as the mingling of the two most diverse races, the black and the white, is concerned as well as in other cases. And yet no serious attempt has ever been made to study the physical appearance and peculiarities of the transplanted Africans or their millions of descendants.
There is, of course, some reason for this, in that scientific research seldom flourishes in the midst of social struggle and heated discussion. For this reason, and from long familiarity with the strange types, we have gradually ceased to let the physical peculiarities and interesting physiognomies of these people inspire us to study them carefully. Yet this we must soon come to do. We must realize that we have brought to our very thresh holds representatives of a great historic race and that, nevertheless, there is no place in the world where less systematic relia- ble knowledge of the Negro race exists than here. Not only is this true, but we have had going on beneath our very eyes an experiment in race- blending such as the world has nowhere seen before, and we have today living representatives of almost every possible degree of admixture of Teutonic and Negro blood.
So little attention has been paid to this blending, save in extreme
controversial spirit, that we easily forget the very existence of the
mixed bloods, and foreign students of our race problems appear almost
totally ignorant of their existence. We ourselves do not know with
accuracy even the number of mixed-bloods. The figures given by the
census are as follows:
1850, mulattoes formed 11.2 per cent of the total Negro population. 1860, mulattoes formed 13.2 per cent of the total Negro population. 1870, mulattoes formed 12 per cent of the total Negro population. 1890, mulattoes formed 15.2 per cent of the total Negro population.
Or in actual numbers:
1850, 405,751 mulattoes. 1860, 588,352 mulattoes. 1870, 585,601 mulattoes. 1890, 1,132,060 mulattoes.
These figures are, however, of doubtful validity. Those of 1850 and 1860 were probably under-statements, while those of 1890 were officially acknowledged to be so far under the truth to be of "little use1' and even, "misleading." Some local studies have been made, but the areas were so restricted as to form a very narrow basis of induction. I have per-
Farmville, Va., (small town), 1897
Dougherty county, Ga., (country district),
Black Belt, 1899
Albany, Ga., (village) 1899
Savannah, Ga., (city) 1900
Atlanta, Ga., (city) 1900
Mcintosh county, Ga., (country district),
Black Belt, .1900
Darien, Ga., (village), 1900
Total ,
Black
333
3,815 1,319
2,658 8,844
282 97
17,348
Brown
219
1,977
718
1,521
10,981
208 94
15,718
Yellow
153
178
238
935
4,52(5
25
6,123
30 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
sonally classified nearly 40,000 colored people. Ten thousand were in the Black Belt and in rural districts, and the rest were in cities (Atlanta and Savannah), but cities in or near the Black Belt.
Of these 17,000 were to all appearances of unmixed Negro blood; 6,000 had without doubt more white than Negro blood, while the other 16,000 were classified as "brown:1' in the majority of cases they undoubtedly had some white blood — in other cases I was not sure whether their color was due to white blood or to the fact that they were descended from brown Africans.
I am inclined to think that in the lightof available data and the results of fairly wide observation that at least one-third of the Negroes of the United States have recognizable traces of white blood, leaving about 6,000,000 others.* This, of course, is partial guess-work— it is quite possible that the mulattoes form an even larger percentage than this, but I should be greatly surprised to find that they formed a smaller proportion. Under such circumstances it would seem that a scientific study of types of American Negroes ought to be undertaken. This paper does not pretend to present the results of careful studies, but rather to indicate in a general way the interesting matter w7hich is open for observation. The main types for separate study would be the full blooded Negroes and those with a quarter, half and three-quarters of white blood ; in the eighths— the octoroon, the five-eighths Negro, etc. This is the regular series, but it can be and often is further complicated by the intermarriage of persons of mixed blood.
I know, for instance, a child of six with the following ancestry:
M. White— F. Negro M. White— F. Negro F. Mulatto— M. White
F. Mulatto — M.White F.Negro— M. White M. White— F. Quadroon F. Quadroon— M.White F. Mulatto— M.Negro F. Octoroon— M. Quadroon M. Octoroon— F. Quadroon M. "Colored " — F. " Colored "
M. " Colored " — F. " Colored " M. Mulatto— F. White
M. " Colored " — F. Quadroon
F. " Colored "
M.= Male. F.— Female.
The assumption, therefore, that a mulatto has one white parent or grandparent is not always true : no full blood white may have appeared among his ancestors for four or five generations and yet he himself may be half or three-fourths white.
Amid such infinite variation in the proportion of Negro and white blood one can find a most fascinating field of inquiry. In the following pages, I have selected out of a school of about 300 young people between
* This does not mean that these 6,000,000 have no white blood— many of them have- but there are few distinct traces of it.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 31
the ages of 12 and 20 years, 56 persons who seem to me to be fairly typical of the group of young Negroes in general. The types are only provisionally indicated here as the lines are by no means clear in my own mind. Still I think that some approximation of a workable di- vision has been made, so far as that is possible without exact scientific measurements. Among these 56 young persons, all of whom I have known personally for periods varying from one to ten years, I have sought roughly to differentiate four sets of American Negro types:
i.— Negro Types
1. Full blooded Negroes, letters A to G, and numbers 1 to 7.
2. Brown Negroes, full-blooded or with less than one-fourth of white
blood, numbers 8 to 18.
B. — Mulatto Types
3. Blended types, numbers 19 to 21, and letter H.
4. Negro-colored, number 25.
5. Negro-haired, numbers 23 to 26.
6. Negro-featured, number 27.
C. — Quadroon Types
7. The Chromatic series, numbers 28 to 32.
8. Blended types, numbers 33 to 39. D.— White Types with Negro Blood
Latin, numbers 40 and 41. Celtic, numbers 42 and 43. English, numbers 44 to 46. Germanic, numbers 47 and 48.
Description of Types
For pictures see plates following p. i
A. Dark brown in color; crisp tightly curled hair; slight in build; excellent student
B. Very dark brown; crisp bushy hair; heavy, thick-set; quiet and serious.
C. Dark brown; curled crisp black hair; small, plump, vivacious.
D. Dark brown; crisp closely curled hair; tall and well-built; reliable.
E. Very dark brown; crisp closely curled hair; well-proportioned and well- bred ; slow.
F. Very dark brown; crisp mass of hair; small and quiet.
G. Very dark brown; crisp hair; rather small; slow but earnest.
H. Light brown ; black hair in small waves ; medium height, slim and grace-, ful; slow; a singer.
1. Very dark brown in color, crisp, tightly curled hair, jaw slightly prog- nathous; short and stocky in build, strong; honest and reliable.
2. Very dark brown, crisp curled hair ; slightly prognathous; tall and loosely jointed.
3. Brown in color, closely curled hair, tall and well built; good character.
4. Very dark brown, mass of closely curled hair, medium height and graceful.
5. Dark brown, tightly curled hair not abuDdant, very tall and of Amazon- ian build and carriage ; excellent character.
6. Brown, mass of less closely curled hair, medium size ; good abitity.
7. Very dark brown, crisp tightly curled hair, well-formed; considerable native ability, but has had poor school advantages ; sweet tempered.
32 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
8. Very dark brown, crisp tightly curled hair, medium height and slim; slow, but plodding, and perfectly reliable.
9. Brown, closely curled hair, medium height and looks frail.
10. Brown, mass of curled hair ; short and plump; unusual mental ability, cheerful and good character.
11. Brown, mass of more loosely curled hair, medium size, good mental ability, mischievous.
12. Brown, tightly curled hair, slim and awkward ; slow, but droll.
13. Light brown, closely curled hair not abundant, slim; good mental abil- ity and great application ; excellent character.
14. Brown, loosely curled hair, short and well-formed ; fair mental ability and a sweet singer.
15. Light brown, loosely curled hair, tall and slim; fair ability ; quiet.
16. Brown, curled hair, tall and slim.
17. Brown, loosely curled hair, tall and lithe ; very good mental ability ; sweet tempered.
18. Brown, close curled hair, medium size; of unusual mental ability judged by any standard.
19. Light brown, curled hair, stocky build ; good ability, erratic application ; quick tempered. Grandson of a leading white southerner.
20. Yellow, curled and wavy hair, slight and well-formed; good mental ability ; quiet.
21. Yellow, wavy hair, small and graceful ; good ability.
22. Brown, straight black hair; probably has Indian blood; well built and full of fun, but with little application.
23. Light yellow, curled hair, small in size, bright mentally, and excellent in character; young.
24. Light yellow, curled hair, medium size, slim; good alto singer.
25. Light yellow, freckled, reddish curled hair, medium size ; fair ability and pleasant disposition.
26. Yellow, curled and wavy hair, medium size, good form; excellent ability and application ; serious.
27. Light yellow, hair glossy and curly, tall and slim ; good ability and close application ; quiet.
28. Smooth brown color, straight, black, slightly curly hair, long limbed and slim.
29. White face, with red freckles, giving a pinkish impression ; reddish brown hair, crimped and wavy ; a bashful, good girl, of fair ability.
30. A study in reds — red gold hair, crimped and fluffy, an old gold face, with reddish tinge; brilliant light brown eyes; tall, impetuous, of unusual ability.
31. Yellow in face and hair ; erratic.
32. White color, dark wavy hair ; sturdily built.
33. Creamy color, crimped and wavy hair, tall and graceful; well bred.
34. Yellow, with wavy long hair, short and plump ; good ability and easy, good-natured character.
35. Creamy color, crimped brown hair, tall and slim ; languid.
36. Light yellow, wavy hair, rather small in stature; good mind and char- acter ; quiet.
37. Light yellow, wavy hair, middle size ; of unusual mental ability and ex- cellent character ; quiet.
38. Light yellow; tall, long wavy hair.
39. Light yellow, long, nearly straight hair ; large and plump ; slow, but will- ing.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 33
40. Cream-tinted, with dark wavy hair, tall and well-formed, with very good mind and ability in several directions ; musical.
41. Cream- tinted, with wavy hair, strongly built, with fair mind; rather quiet.
42. White, with freckles and long, red-gold hair ; mischievous and smart.
43. White, straight brown hair, tall and thin ; slow but conscientious ; quiet and sensitive.
44. White, sandy hair and blue eyes, short and rather small; fair ability and good application.
45. Cream-color, dark hair, tall and slim; somewhat erratic in intellect, but conscientious ; droll.
46. White, sandy hair and blue eyes, middle-size ; fair ability and good char- acter.
47. White, very light golden hair, light blue eyes, tall and stately; ordinary ability, very reliable, quiet and kind.
48. White, chestnut hair, blue eyes, plump and well-formed.
A. Negro Types
These represent, perhaps, 6,000,000 colored people of this country. The 24 pictures devoted to these are inadequate and present but a few of numerous types. A really adequate study would lead to an investigation of all the African types, most of which are represented in America, and subsequently changed by intermingling, and possibly by climate and surroundings. We can still catch glimpses of the original African — the straight-nosed, dark Nubian, as in No. 8, the tall, massive Bantu, in No. 5, the small, sturdy West Coast Negro, in No. 1, and others. All these types agree in dark color and crisp hair. The color we usually denominate black, although it is in reality a series of browns varying between black and yellow as limits. We may, for instance, arrange the first eighteen pictures by color. First come the very dark browns, 4, 7,8, and 2, all having a certain brilliancy of coloring, although some, like 4, are dull brown. Next come the dark browns, 1, 5, and 3; then the browns, 14, 6, 9, 11, 16 and 18, in order; finally the light browns, 10, 12, 17, 15 and 13.
It would be exceedingly interesting to have a series of accurate ex- aminations and measurements of Negro hair. If we take the first seven portraits — those which represent probably the full blooded Negro, we may distinguish several varieties which can be put in two main classes: a crisp hair in minute curls or waves with a dark grayish, black appearance, and usually scanty. This is seen in I, 2, 5, 7 and 8; and the less closely curled and abundant hair, dead black and massive in appearance, as in 3, 4 and 6.
In general physical appearance, the first seven divide themselves into four types: the short and sturdy (1), the tall, largely built (2, 3 and 5), the medium sized, dark and more delicately featured type (8). Prog- nathism appears in the facial angles of 1 and 2, and slightly in 3 and 4. Numbers 3 and 6 are of good, but not striking ability, 2 and 4 are fair; the others are slow. Numbers 1, 5 and 8 are honest and reliable in character; 3 and 7 are also of good character; Nos. 4, 6 and 9 are a little
34 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
more uncertain in character: only one member of the group cannot be relied upon, although he is still young and may change.
Numbers 9 to 18 have in all probability a little white blood, although this is not certain in every case. Numbers 9, 12 and 13 have the crisp hair before mentioned; 16, 17 and 18 have hair of the second variety, while 10, 11 and 14 have a still less closely curled variety, longer and more pliable. One may roughly separate three types in these persons. Numbers 9, 10, 11 and 12 are what we may call "blended" types — the variation from the stricter Negro type is not especially apparent in any one feature or characteristic, but the whole type is slightly and uniformly changed in face, hair and color, either by the even blending of white blood or by descent from tribes of Negroes different from those we have noted before. All are of medium size save No. 10, who is short and heavy. In 13 and 14 we have a different group: they show a certain delicacy of feature and melancholy cast of countenance often noticed in mixed blooded people, and associated with deep sensitive- ness in both these girls. Numbers 15, 16, 17 and 18 are Bantu types — tall, long-faced and straight-nosed, with large facial angle; 16 and 17 are especially graceful in movement, while 18 is the most brilliant mentally of the whole series of 48. Numbers 10 and 17 are also of unusual ability ; 11 and 19 are good, 14 and 15 fair only, and 12 and 16 poor. Numbers 10, 13, 14 and 15 are of good character; 11 and 12 are more uncertain but pretty good.
Letters A to H are pictures taken later than the others. They are well-known Negro types, although some are not usually so regarded by careless observers.
B. Mulatto Types
The ten following portraits, numbers 19 to 28, represent the mulatto types of American Negroes; they have from three-fourths to one-half Negro blood and have, in this country, to hazard a guess, about 2,500,000 representatives. I have differentiated types here chiefly in the way in which the two streams of blood have blended ; the first three are blended types, where the white and Negro blood is evenly distributed in color, hair and feature, making light brown or yellow persons, with hair in small. but minute curls or waves, and features rounded or half Euro- pean. In the other seven persons, the Negro blood has asserted itself in some one or two characteristics and the white blood in others: in 22, for instance, the white blood (with probably some Indian) has gone into the abundant long black hair and left a dark face and full features; in Nos. 23, 24, 25 and 26, the Negro blood has asserted itself particularly in the hair, leaving the light color and European features; the hair has received a slight red tinge in 25 and the blending is more complete in 26. In 27 the Negro blood has moulded the features, leaving the light color and hair in ringlets. All this is instructive to the student of heredity as showing visibly many things which lie hidden from the eye in the blending of races of the same color and features.
In physique we have the short and sturdy (19), the short and slender
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 35
(21) and (23), the tall and slender (20, 24 and 27), and the medium sized persons, usually large boned and well built, as 22, 25 and 26. Numbers 23 and 26 are excellent in mental ability, 19, 20, 21 and 27 are good; 25 is fair, while 22 and 24 are poor. Numbers 20, 23, 26 and 27 are good and quiet in character; 25 is straightforward; 19, 21 and 24 are more uncertain, but are still \oung.
C. Quadroon Types
The fifteen portraits, from numbers 28 to 39, are of colored people with more than one-half and less than seven-eights of their blood white, so far as I can ascertain. They represent about 350,000 of the American Negroes, if my other estimates are correct. Here again examples of race-blending in large variety and with especial brilliancy of coloring. Sometimes the coloring is so prominent and assertive that one scarcely notices other features. Photographs, of course, fail to give any ade- quate idea of this group: the emphatic color may be a velvet brown in the face, as in 28, or a brownish red in the hair, as in 29, or a burst of red, red-gold and red-brown in face and hair, as in 30. Again, hair and features may both be yellow, as in 31, or all brown or dark brown and yellow, as in a number of cases, or finally the skin may be strikingly white, as in 32. These types, then, from 28 to 32, I have grouped as the Chromatic types.
Again, we may have the harmonious blending mentioned in the case of the mulattoes and illustrated in the following portraits — numbers 33 and 34, and having the most Negro blood, and number 40, having the least. The hair of the Quadroons is of almost every conceivable variety and color: it may be black and straight, as in 28, or black and waving, as in 39, or red-brown and waving, as in 30, or crimped and brownish red, as in 29, or curly and fluffy, as in 38, and so on in endless change.
In physique, 28, 30, 33, 35 and 38 are tall and slim, while 32, 34 and 37 are shorter and sturdier; 29, 31 and 40 are of slighter build and more delicate appearance. Numbers 30 and 37 have excellent minds, and 31, 34 and 36 have good ability. The group represents great varieties of character: 28 and 35 are languid in manner and work; 29 and 33 are sensitive and good; 30 is straightforward, even impetuous; 31 is uncer- tain, but young; 36, 37 and 39 are honest and quiet; 34 and 39 are a little erratic, but good-hearted.
D. White Types, with Negro Blood
The Octoroons and those with less than one-eighth of Negro blood pass so easily back and forth between the races that it is difficult to estimate their real numbers. In a single small city 100 colored families were estimated to have been listed as white in the census of 1890, because the Octoroon wife went to the door and the census-taker did not think or dare to ask her ucolor." A considerable proportion of these persons identify themselves altogether with the whites — probably several thousands in all. The census of 1890 reported 69,936 Octoroons — there may be as many as 150,000 in all. They are easily classified
36 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
according to the European types they most resemble, either accidentally or because of real blood-relationship. Sergi would not need better evi- dence for his ''Mediterranean race" theory than the distinct Latin type of the Octoroons, 40 and 41; they have, in fact, English and Negro blood. So, too, white and black blood can make as good an Egyptian type today as five thousand years ago. Numbers 42 and 43 resemble Celtic types and may have Irish blood ; 44, 45 and 46 are English or Anglo-American types, and 47 and 48 are Germanic types.
Such types as these are not necessarily descended from white and colored parents, nor are they always illegitimate children as is usually assumed. In the cases of 40, 44 and 45, and probably in two other cases both parents were colored and legally married. In case of 44, 47 and 48 one parent was white. In none of these ten cases would the casual observer notice the Negro blood. An experienced person would possibly see it in 40, 41 and 45, and possibly in 42. In the others all trace is lost. In physique, 40, 41 and 48 are well-built and rather heavy ; 43 and 45 are tall and slender, while 42 and 44 are slender but of medium height.
Forty is a good scholar, as are 41, 42 and 48. All are of good charac- ter, although one may succumb to unfortunate home influences.
Conclusions
It is not pretended, I repeat, that this cursory sketch can be made a basis for any very definite conclusions. Its object is rather to blaze the way and point out a few general truths. Further work must depend more largely on exact physical measurement of size, weight and head formation, as well as psycho-physical experiment. It must also be re- membered that these types come from a limited class at an age before character is fully formed ; this study has the advantage, however, of the author's intimate acquaintance for years with each person studied, so that the elements of character and personal peculiarities are pretty well known.
In future study the unmixed types need especial supplement. Com- parisons will inevitably arise between the blacks and mixed bloods. In regard to the latter much friction and prejudice must be cleared away: today one hears, on the one hand, thatmuiattoes are practically all degenerates, ranking below both the parent races; and, on the other, that only the mixed blood Negroes amount to much, and this by reason of their white blood. So far as this study is concerned, neither of these theories receives any especial support. In physique, the best developed persons are 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 16, 17, 19, 22, 32, 34, 39, 40, 41 and 48. These include all degrees of mixture and, moreover, there would seem to be in nearly all cases personal reasons for the good development outside the blood mixture; 1, for instance, is farm-bred, 2 and 5 are children of strong laboring men, 40 has been carefully reared, 41 is a baseball player, etc. Again, the members of the group who are physi- cally weakest are of all colors — 4, 12, 15 and 43. In mental ability the evidence is equally contradictory; the exceptional scholars include three nearly full-blooded Negroes, three Quadroons anfl one Octoroon.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 37
Of these, a boy (number 18), with but a slight admixture of white blood, if any, is easily first.
As to moral stamina, the subjects are, of course, rather young for final judgment, and yet at the same time their tendencies are more clearly visible. Five of the 53 were born out of lawful wedlock, al- though in some cases the union of the parents was the permanent concu- binage of slavery days, and thus not mere wantonness. Possibly one or two others are also illegitimate, but this is not certain. In the case of two girls, an octoroon and a mulatto, both now out of school, there is a rumor of sexual looseness; in the case of three (a Negro, mulatto and quadroon), there is some tendency towards habitual lying, which may not however become serious; in all the 48 there are four (& Negro boy, a mulatto girl, a quadroon boy and an octoroon girl), of whose future one may well fear. None of them are as yet hopeless.
In all these cases of physical and mental development anpl moral stamina, it is naturally very difficult to judge between the relative in- fluence of heredity and environment — of the influence of Negro and mixed blood, and of the homes and schools and social atmosphere sur- rounding the colored people. In general, it must be remembered that most of the blacks are country-bred and descended from the depressed and ignorant field-hands, while a majority of the mulattoes were town- bred and descended from the master class and the indulged house-ser- vants. The country schools since emancipation have been very poor, while the city schools are pretty good, and in general the difference in civilization between rural and urban districts is much more marked South than North.
For instance, if numbers 7 and 8 had had the same early training as numbers 23 and 40, they might have developed strong minds, so far as one can judge. Some of these children come from comfortable, well- to-do homes, while some were practically street waifs; some had edu- cated— a few, college-bred — parents; others had parents who could neither read nor write, and so on. Under such circumstances, how rash it is to hazard wild statements as to the ability and desert of millions of people without waiting for exact study and careful measurements.
A word may be added as to race mixture in general and as regards white and black stocks in the future. There is, of course, in general no argument against the intermingling of the world's races. "All the great peoples of the world are the result of a mixture of races."*
Upon the whole, if we consider (1) that the most mixed and most civilized races are those which are soonest acclimatized, (2) that the tendency of races to intermingle, and of civilization to develop, goes on increasing every day in every part of the world, we may affirm without being accused of exaggeration that the cosmopolitanism of mankind, if it does not yet exist today in all races (which seems somewhat improbable), will develop as a necessary consequence of the facility of acclimatation. For it to become general is only a matter of time, f
♦Bryce: Relations, etc. fDenniker, p. 119.
38 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
At the same time there are certain bars to general amalgamation with particular races:
Nothing really arrests intermarriage except physical repulsion, and physi- cal repulsion exists only where there is a marked difference in physical as- pect, and especially in color. Roughly speaking (and subject to certain exceptions to be hereafter noted), we may say that while all the races of the same, or a similar color intermarry freely, those of one color intermarry very little with those of another.*
So far, then, as the amalgamation of the white and black races is concerned this prediction may be hazarded :
Africa will remain for many ages predominantly black.
In the West Indes the whites will be absorbed into a mulatto race.
In South America the whites will absorb the Negro. A recent writer in Brazil writes :
This racial question in Brazil has most instructive aspects. In their pride of race some visitors are disposed to despise the Brazilian people because of the manifest admixture of African blood in their make-up. This is simply because they cannot easily appreciate that taking effect before their eyes is the very process of race building that has been completed for ages past in Mediterranean lands. They do not realize that the blending of African with Aryan and Semitic elements must have been precisely the same, there and here. The swarthiness of the Italians, Spaniards, the Provencal French, etc. — these interpenetrating other European stocks — manifestly seems due to the same causes that in Brazil and other sections of Latin America and in the West Indies are producing precisely the same physical aspects . . . But though the Negro race was in itself unaffected, it has by no means been uneffective. Everywhere it has left its traces behind. All these civilizations — Egyptian, Phoenician, Grecian, Roman, Semitic, Moorish — it has in varying degrees tinged with its blood and its temperament. Its service seems always to have been that of an element in a blend.
There appears to be no saying how far this progress has gone. But there are eminent anthropologists who declare that racial characters demonstrate that the entire white race has a very high percentage of the African in its composition. The racial aspect may have a notable bearing upon the future of South America.!
In the United States the situation is far different: if slavery had pre- vailed the Negroes might have been gradually absorbed into the white race. Even under the present serfdom, the amalgamation is still going on. It is not then caste or race prejudice that stops it — they rather en- courage it on its more dangerous side. The Southern laws against race marriage are in effect laws which make the seduction of colored girls easy and without shame or penalty. The real bar to race amalga- mation at present in the United States is the spreading and strength- ening determination of the rising educated classes of blacks to accept no amalgamation except through open legal marriage. This means practically no amalgamation in the near future. The avail- able statistics of mixed marriages show in Boston, Mass., 600 such
*Bryce: Relations. -f-Outlook, Vol. 84, No. 15.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE
39
marriages from 1855 to 1887; and 24 in the year 1890. The state of Mas- sachusetts had 52 mixed marriages in 1900, 44 in 1901 and 43 in 1902. Michigan had 111 mixed marriages in 20 years (1874-93), and Rhode Island 58 in 13 years (1881-93). In the black ward of Philadelphia (the seventh) there were, in 1896, 33 mixed families.
These figures indicate comparatively few such marriages and show that the absorption of 10,000,000 Negro Americans in this way is cer- tainly not a problem which we need face for many years.
At present those who dislike amalgamation can best prevent it by helping to raise the Negro to such a plane of intelligence and economic independence that he will never stoop to mingle his blood with those who despise him.
5. Physical Measurements
There are not many reliable physical measurements of Negroes, either in Africa or America. The following table from Denniker gives the height of the principal Africans, together with that of native Americans:
Average Height of Men
No. of Subjects
Low Statures (under 1.60 rn., or 63 inches)
Height in Millimeters
64
Akka Negritoes of the country of the Monbuttus
Kalahari Bushmen of Angra Pequena, etc
Statures below the average {1600-16U9 mm., or 63-65 inches)
Mzabites ( Berbers of M'Zab, Algeria)
Batekes of the Congo
Statures above the average {1650-1699 mm., or 65-67 inches)
Arabs of Algeria
Mushikoegos of the Congo
Berbers of Tunis
Abyssinians
Danakils of Tajara
Berbers of Biskra (Chania tribe?)
Kaby les of Great Kaby lia
Berbers of Algeria
Bashilanges of the Kasai
Negroes of the United States
Mulattoes of the United States
Bechuanas
Negroes and Mulattoes of the United States (conscripts).
High Statures {1.70 m., or 67 inches and up)
Citizens of the United States (white) born in the country
Mandigans in general
Bejas (called Nubians)
Kaffirs ( Ama-Xosa and Ama-Zulu)
Western Zandehs (Mandjas, Akungs, Awakas, etc.)
Somalis (Eyssa, Habis, Hwakas, etc. )
Tonconleurs or Torodas
Waloss, Severs and Ley bus
Negroes of Darfur
Fulahs or Fulbes of French Sudan
1,378 1,529
No.
H. in Mill.
50 36
1,620 1,641
No.
H. in Mill.
32
28
1,103
29
35
52 244 180
27
2,020
863
28
25,828
1,656 1,658 1,663 1,669 1,670 1,673 1,677 1,680 1,680 1,681 1,682 1,684 1,693
No.
H. in Mill.
315,620 31 25 72 56 56 30 62 25 35
1,719
1,700 1,708 1,715 1,717 1,723 1,725 1,730 1,730 1,741
40 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFEEENCE
Measurements of cephalic index from Denniker and Ripley show these results: (Negro tribes are in italics).
Dolichocephals (73-78).
Hindus, North Chinese,
Fulahs, Persians,
Kaffirs, Japanese,
Portuguese, Bushmen,
English, Hansas,
Danes, South Italians,
Swedes, Spaniards.
Mesocephals (79-81).
Chinese,
French (d. du Nord),
Central Italians.
Brachycephals (82-89).
Dalmattons, Tartars, ' Piedmontese, Magyars.
As Eipley says, "an important point to be noted in this connection is that this shape of the head seems to bear no direct relation to intellec- tual power or intelligence. Posterior development of the cranium does not imply a corresponding backwardness in culture. The broad-headed races of the earth may not as a whole be quite as deficient in civiliza- tion as some of the long heads, notably the Australians and the African Negroes. On the other hand, the Chinese are conspicuously long- headed, surrounded by the barbarian brachycephalic Mongol hordes; and the Eskimos in many respects surpass the Indians in culture. Dozens of similar contrasts might be given. Europe offers the best refutation of the statement that the proportions of the head mean any- thing intellectually. The English, as our map of Europe will show, are distinctly long-headed."*
For Negro Americans, almost the only measurements on a consider- able scale are those taken over a generation ago during the Civil war, and often since published and studied. The best available figures to- day are those from the reports of the Surgeon-General of the United States army; subjoined are tables as to the examination of recruits, their height, weight and chest measurements:
* Ripley, p. 40.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE
Examination of recruits during the year 1901 *
41
Total
Total number of recruits examined
Of each 1,000 of these—
Were accepted for service
Were rejected for under height
Were rejected for disabilities
Of each 1,000 accepted recruits the heights were as follows in inches') :
Under 01
61 to 62
62 to 63
63 to 64
64 to 65
65 to 66 : .-
66 to 67
67 to 68
68 to 69 •.
69 to 70
70 to 71
71 to 72
72 to 73 v
73 to 74
74 upward ,
Causes of rejection (exclusive of under height) expressed in
ratios per 1,000 of examined recruits:
Physical debility
Tuberculosis of lungs or other organs
Imperfect vision
Heart disease
Goiter
Varicose veins, varicocele, hemorrhoids
Hernia
Flat feet
.37
.34
1.69
15.86
98.54
124.71
16716
166.69
157.14
123.02
82.31
35.97
16.76
6.96
2.48
2.27
2.09
41.36
2754
.28
41.09
13.02
2.60
4.09
17.99
106.30
148.81
165.17
178.25
156.17
96.48
67.05
3761
15.54
5.72
.82
3.19
24.89 22.25
20.13 12.18
5.83
58,782
624.70
2.77
286.42
.35
.33
1.77
15.93
98.80
125 51
167.10
167.07
157.10
122.14
81.81
3603
16.72
6.92
2.42
2.19
2.13
40.80
2737
.27
40.42
13.00
2.70
Examination of recruits during the year 1902 f
Total number of recruits examined
Of each 1,000 of these—
Were accepted for service
Were rejected for under height
Were rejected for disabilities
Of each 1,000 accepted recruits the heights were as follows (in inches):
Under 61
61 to 62
62 to 63
63 to 64
64 to 65
65 to 66
66 to 67
67 to 68
68 to 69
69 to 70
70 to 71
71 to 72
72 to 73
73 to 74
74 upward
Causes of rejection (exclusive of under height) expressed in ratios
per 1,000 of examined recruits:
Physical debility
Tuberculosis of lungs or other organs
Imperfect vision
Heart disease
Goiter
Varicose veins, varicocele, hemorrhoids
Hernia
Flat feet
|
White |
Colored |
|
42,183 |
3,035 |
|
658.80 |
786.16 |
|
.95 |
.99 |
|
255.29 |
17133 |
|
.32 |
.84 |
|
.40 |
.42 |
|
1.51 |
2.93 |
|
11.51 |
10.06 |
|
8769 |
99.33 |
|
125.73 |
137.89 |
|
162.72 |
171.42 |
|
177.08 |
189.86 |
|
158.98 |
147 11 |
|
123.14 |
117.77 |
|
76.11 |
70.41 |
|
40.05 |
31 . 85 |
|
22.31 |
14.25 |
|
8.89 |
3.35 |
|
3.56 |
2.51 |
|
1.23 |
.99 |
|
3.15 |
.66 |
|
33.31 |
18.12 |
|
21.34 |
11.53 |
|
.40 |
.66 |
|
37.03 |
11.20 |
|
11.02 |
8.24 |
|
3.80 |
3.63 |
* Report of the United States Surgeon-General, 1902. f Ibid., 1903.
42 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFEKENCE
Proportion of each height per thousand of accepted colored recruits
|
Height |
18 yrs. and under |
19 yrs. |
20 yrs. |
21 yrs. |
22 yrs. |
23 yrs. |
24 yrs. |
25 yrs. |
|
5 feet 1 inch and under . |
||||||||
|
5 feet 2 inches |
-< |
|||||||
|
5 feet 3 inches . . .... |
10.4 72.9 83.3 229.2 218.7 125.0 114.6 83.3 31.2 31.2 |
9.9 108.9 123.8 158.4 198.0 123.8 113.9 84.2 49.5 29.7 |
7 5 |
|||||
|
5 feet 4 inches. |
61.2 132.6 183.7 122.4 163.3 153.1 91.8 51.0 20.4 20.4 |
64.5 129.0 169.4 145.2 225.8 161.3 72.6 16.1 16.1 |
37 6 |
|||||
|
5 feet 5 inches |
82.7 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 0 inches |
1,000.0 |
150.4 |
||||||
|
5 feet 7 inches |
x 233 1 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 8 inches |
165 4 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 9 inches |
135 3 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 10 inches |
80.2 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 11 inches |
45 1 |
|||||||
|
6 feet |
22.6 |
|||||||
|
6 feet 1 inch |
7 5 |
|||||||
|
6 feet 2 inches and over. . |
22.6 |
|||||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
||
|
Height |
26 yrs. |
27 yrs. |
28 yrs. |
29 yrs. |
30 yrs. |
* 31 yrs. |
32 yrs. |
33 yrs. |
|
5 feet 1 inch and under |
||||||||
|
5 feet 2 inches |
||||||||
|
5 feet 3 inches |
9.8 107.8 186.3 137.3 196.1 156.8 58 8 68.6 58.8 19.6 |
20.0 120.0 160.0 . 100.0 140.0 220.0 60.0 110.0 40.0 |
||||||
|
5 feet 4 inches |
85.7 114.3 152.1 219.1 133.3 133.3 57.1 47.6 28.6 19.0 9.5 |
69.4 83.3 138.9 208.3 236.1 125.0 83.3 41.7 13.9 |
128.2 51.3 128.2 153.8 256.4 153.8 51.3 51.3 25.6 |
"241 .4 103.4 172.4 172.4 137.9 103 4 34.5 34 5 |
35.7 178.6 178.6 178.6 107.1 107.1 107.1 71.4 |
47.6 |
||
|
5 feet 5 inches |
||||||||
|
5 feet 6 inches. |
142 9 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 7 inches |
333.3 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 8 inches 5 feet 9 inches. . |
142.9 142.9 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 10 inches 5 feet 11 inches |
95.2 47.6 |
|||||||
|
6 feet |
||||||||
|
6 feet 1 inch |
35.7 |
|||||||
|
6 feet 2 inches and over |
47.6 |
|||||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
l,OU0.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000. n |
|
Height |
34 yrs. |
35 yrs. |
36 yrs. |
37 yrs. |
38 yrs. |
39 yrs. |
40 yrs. and over |
Total |
|
5 feet 1 inch and under . . |
||||||||
|
5 feet 2 inches. . |
||||||||
|
5 feet 3 inches |
83 3 250.0 166.7 83.3 166.7 166.7 |
24.1 60.2 144.6 108.4 216.9 216.9 84.3 96.4 24.1 12.0 12.0 |
7.1 |
|||||
|
5 feet 4 inches |
47.6 142.9 238 1 238.1 190.5 |
76.9 153.8 230.8 307.7 230.8 |
73.0 |
|||||
|
5 feet 5 inches |
272.6 272.6 363.7 |
200.0 100.0 600.0 |
123.2 |
|||||
|
5 feet 6 inches 5 feet 7 inches . |
166.7 250.0 333.3 1250 41.7 83.3 |
157.8 192.3 |
||||||
|
5 feet 8 inches |
175.8 |
|||||||
|
1177 |
||||||||
|
5 feet 10 inches |
47.6 |
90.8 |
100.0 |
79.2 |
||||
|
5 feet 11 inches |
38.5 |
|||||||
|
6 feet |
95.2 |
83. 3 |
22.8 |
|||||
|
6 feet 1 inch . |
7.1 |
|||||||
|
6 feet 2 inches and over. |
- |
5.5 |
||||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
♦Ibid., 1905.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE
Proportion of each height per thousand of accepted white recruits
43
|
Height |
18 years and under |
19 yrs. |
20 yrs. |
21 yrs. |
22 yrs. |
23 yrs. |
24*yrs. |
25 yrs. |
|
5 feet 1 inch and under . . |
38.5 76.9 |
0.2 .2 4.2 69.5 129.1 162.4 183.8 168.8 1331 82.2 38.0 17.1 8.4 2.8 |
0.2 .6 5.9 73.1 104.5 160.1 176.4 166.6 138.2 94.5 41.7 24.8 10.1 3 3 |
0.6 ' .3 4.2 68.9 117.9 138.7 167 3 182.6 143.6 90.5 40.8 29.6 8.8 6.4 |
1.0 6 7.9 70.1 110.3 146.0 169.9 169.9 136.5 92.7 46.5 '28.5 13.1 6.9 |
0.4 |
||
|
5 feet 2 inches |
.8 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 8 inches |
8.5 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 4 inches |
50.0 200.0 200.0 250.0 100.0 50.0 50.0 100.0 |
230.8 230.8 76.9 153.8 38.5 38.5 38.5 |
66.7 100.0 200.0 166.7 266.7 100.0 66.7 33.3 |
69.3 |
||||
|
5 feet 5 inches |
106.7 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 6 inches 5 feet 7 inches. |
144.3 178.4 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 8 inches |
164.1 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 9 inches |
138.9 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 10 inches |
101.2 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 11 inches |
41.1 |
|||||||
|
6 feet |
29.5 |
|||||||
|
6 feet 1 inch |
11.6 |
|||||||
|
6 feet 2 inches and over. . |
76.9 |
5.0 |
||||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
|
Height |
26 yrs. |
27 yrs. |
28 yrs. |
29 yrs. |
30 yrs. |
31 yrs. |
32 yrs. |
33 yrs. |
|
5 feet 1 inch and under . . |
1.0 .5 11.4 78.3 96.4 154.5 164.3 170.0 133.8 96.9 42.5 34 7 9.3 6.2 |
0.6 1.7 9.4 74.4 128.3 149.4 158.8 169.9 122.8 101.1 41.1 26.1 9.4 7.2 |
3.9 2.0 11.1 72.6 122.2 141.2 174.5 147.7 124.2 104.6 50.3 25.5 12.4 7.8 |
1.8 |
||||
|
5 feet 2 inches |
0.9 12.6 64.8 114.3 140.4 164.7 159.3 144.9 94.5 41.4 36.9 17.1 8.1 |
1.1 3.3 70.1 113 5 153.5 181.3 153.5 134.6 85.6 50.1 35.6 10.0 7.8 |
8.8 75. 1 123.7 1664 170.8 173.8 95.7 94.3 48.6 30 9 8.8 2.9 |
4.4 4.4 91.3 131.1 137.0 163.5 166.4 181.1 82.5 45.7 22.1 14.7 5.9 |
1.8 |
|||
|
5 feet 3 inches |
5.3 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 4 inches |
63.5 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 5 inches |
119.9 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 6 inches 5 feet 7 inches |
158.7 179.9 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 8 inches 5 feet 9 inches |
179.9 121.7 |
|||||||
|
5 feet 10 inches 5 feet 11 inches |
74.1 52.9 |
|||||||
|
6 feet |
30.0 |
|||||||
|
6 feet 1 inch 6 feet 2 inches and over |
71 3.5 |
|||||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
Height
34 yrs.
35 yrs.
36 yrs.
37 yrs.
38 yrs.
39 yrs.
40 years and over
Total
5 feet I inch and under
5 feet 2 inches
5 feet 3 inches
5 feet 4 inches
5 feet 5 inches
5'feet 6 inches
5 feet 7 inches
5 feet 8 inches.
5 feet 9 inches
5 feet 10 inches
5 feet 11 inches
6 feet
6 feet 1 inch
(5 feet 2 inches and ovei
Total
1 7.5
79.1
145.0
162.0
146.9
160.1
148.8
79.1
87.7
22.6
5.6
3.8
2.5
4.9
83.9
160.5
177.8
165.4
1284
111 1
101.2
39.5
12.3
9
2.5
4.3
90.1
134.2
155.8
160.2
155.8
121.2
95.2
43.3
26.0
8.7
4.3
12.2
57.1
171.4
146.9
175.5
183.7
130.6
73 5
28.6
16.3
4.1
9.3
88.4
134 9
186.0
214.0
13). 5
98.0
69 8
23.3
23.3
9.3
9.3
5.9
82.8
124.3
201 . 2
142 0
207.1
106.5
47.3
53.3
17 8
11
0.9
2.8
10.3
87.3
185.2
166.2
170.0
170.0
119.2
78.9
38.8
19.7
2.8
2.8
0.6
.9
7.1
72.8
117.1
153.2
172.7
167 4
133.8
91.6
42.1
26.1
10.1
5.0
1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0
1.000.0 1,000.0
44
ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
Proportion of each weight per thousand of accepted colored recruits.
|
Weight |
18 yrs. and under |
19 yrs. |
20 yrs. |
21 yrs. |
22 yrs. |
28 yrs. |
24 yrs. |
25 yrs. |
|
99 pounds and under |
||||||||
|
100 to 109 pounds |
||||||||
|
110 to 119 pounds |
9.9 118.9 257.4 287.1 183.2 89.1 34.7 19.8 |
10.2 40.8 214 3 336.7 255.1 102.0 20.4 20.4 |
8.1 48.4 238.9 298.4 241.9 121 0 40.3 8.1 |
7 5 |
||||
|
120 to 129 pounds |
1,000.0 |
145.8 333.3 281.2 156.3 62.5 20.8 |
67 7 |
|||||
|
180 to 189 pounds |
172 9 |
|||||||
|
140 to 149 pounds |
345 8 |
|||||||
|
150 to 159 pounds |
188 0 |
|||||||
|
160 to 169 pounds |
82 7 |
|||||||
|
170 to 179 pounds |
60.1 |
|||||||
|
180 to 189 pounds |
60 1 |
|||||||
|
190 to 199 pounds |
15 0 |
|||||||
|
200 pounds and over |
5.0 |
|||||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
||
Weight
26 yrs.
27 yrs.
28 yrs.
29 yrs.
30 yrs.
31 yrs.
32 yrs.
yrs.
99 pounds and under.
100 to 109 pounds
110 to 119 pounds
120 to 129 pounds
130 to 189 pounds .
140 to 149 pounds
150 to 159 pounds
160 to 169 pounds
170 to 179 pounds
180 to 189 pounds
190 to 199 pounds
200 pounds and over. . .
Total.
1176 274.5 225.5 205.9 137 8 19.6 19.6
85.7
142.9
361.9
190.5
114.3
38.1
57.1
9.5
83.3
152.8
277.8
347.2
83 3
27.8 27.8
60.0 240.0 240.0 160.0 160.0 100 0
40.0
25.6 256.4 128.2 256.4 205.1 76 9 51.3
34.5 172.4 275.9 275 9
84.5 187.9
69.0
71.4
71.4
250.0
250.0
178.6
71.4
71.4 85.7
47.6
95.2
238.1
285.7
238.1
47.6
476
1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0 1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0
Weight
34 yrs.
35 yrs.
36 yrs.
37 yrs.
38 yrs.
89 yrs.
40 yrs. and over
Total
99 pounds and under.
100 to 109 pounds
110 to 119 pounds
120 to 129 pounds
180 to 139 pou'uds
140 to 149 pounds
150 to 159 pounds
160 to 169 pounds
170 to 179 pounds
180 to 189' pounds
190 to 199 pounds
200 pounds and over. . .
Total.
125.0 250.0 375.0 83.3 41.7 41.7 41.7 41.7
47.6
47.6
238.1
142.9
238.1
476
95.2
90.9
90.9
454.6
181.8 181.8
200.0 100.0 400.0 100.0
100.0
142.9
1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0
100.0 1,000.0
153.8 76.9 230.9 884.6 153.8
83.3 416.7
83.3
88.3 166.7
83.3
60.2 180.7 228.9 156.6 132.5 120.5
36.1
1,000.0
83.3
1,000.0
84.3 1,000.0
4.7
79.3
211.9
283.4
215.1
109.1
50.2
29.8
7.1
9.4
1,000.0
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE
Proportion of each weight per thousand of accepted white recruits
45
Weight
18 yrs.
and
under
19 yrs.
20 yrs.
21 yrs.
22 yrs.
28 yrs.
24 yrs.
25 yrs.
99 pounds and under .
100 to 109 pounds
110 to 119 pounds
120 to 129 pounds
180 to 189 pounds
140 to 149 pounds
160 to 159 pounds
160 to 169 pounds
170 to 179 pounds
180 to 189 pounds
190 to 199 pounds
200 pounds and over . . .
Total.
150.0 300.0 850.0 150.0 50.0
192.3 230.8 307.6 153.8
38 5 38.5 38.5
66.7 166.7 366.7 200.0 166.7
33.8
25.1
177.7 328.4 256.6 141.8 • 50.5 13.8 4.9
•22.1 153.6
287.7
282.0
152.8
72.8
20.4
6 9
1.2
.5
16.5 111.2
280.6
279.7
180.7
93.2
25.9
9.1
2.4
.6
15
129.
252
274.
179
95.
37,
10.
4.
19 .0
109 4
259 9
273 1
198 2
91 9
84 9
11.6
5.4
1.6
1,000.0, 1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0 1,000.0
1,000.0
Weight
26 yrs.
27 yrs.
28 yrs.
29 yrs.
30 yrs.
31 yrs.
32 yrs.
33 yrs.
99 pounds and under
100 to 109 pounds
110 to 119 pounds
120 to 129 pounds
180 to 139 pounds
140 to 149 pounds
150 to 159 pounds
160 to 169 pounds
170 to 179 pounds
180 to 189 pounds
190 to 199 pounds
200 pounds and over. .
Total.
19.2
117.2
232.8
280.4
195.4
93.3
37.8
17.6
4.1
2.1
22.2
116.6
254.9
255.4
189.9
98.3
38 3
14.4
7.2
2.8
15.0
118.3
228.1
260.8
178.4
128.8
36.6
22 9
8.5
2
17.1
103.5
224 1
262.8
184.5
119.7
51.8
21.6
9.9
5 4
24.5
103.4
231.4
244.7
190.2
120.1
46.7
80.0
5
3.3
11.8 107.5 237.1 256 3 182.5 100.1
58.9
26.5 7.4
11.8
17.7
98 7
207.7
268.1
201.8
109.0
48.6
28.0
11.8
8
1,000.0 1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0
1,000.0
7 1
97 . 0
231.0
262.8
194 0
100.5
58.2
26 5
19 4
3.5
1,000.0
Weight
34 yrs. I 35 yrs.
36 yrs.
37 yrs.
38 yrs.
39 yrs.
40 yrs. and over
Total
99 pounds and under
100 to 109 pounds
110 to 119 pounds
120 to 129 pounds.. .
180 to 139 pounds
140 to 149 pounds
150 to 159 pounds
160 to 169 pounds
170 to 179 pounds
180 to 189 pounds
190 to 199 pounds
200 pounds and over . . .
Total
16.9
82.9
252.4
241.1
184.6
120.5
45.2
30.1
11.3
15.1
1,000.0
14.8
98.8
207.4
287.0
175.3
128.4
74.1
32.1
14.8
17.3
1,000.0
8.7
121.2
190.5
264.0
181.8
121.2
56.3
26.0
17.8
13.0
1,000.0
24.5
77.6
253.1
183.7
216.3
93.9
69.4
44.9
24.5
12.3
1,000.0
32 6
93.0
176.7
227.9
176.7
158.5
65.1
32.6
27
14.0
1,000.0
17.8
76.9
218.9
189.4
159.8
159.8
76
35
41.4
23.7
1,000.0
27.2
99.5
166.2
205.6
149.3
130.5
93 9
56.8
36.6
34.7
1,000.0
20 1
129 1
263 6
265 6
172.0
90.6
34 4
14.9/
6.1
3.6
1,000.0
♦Ibid.
46 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
Proportion of each measurement per thousand of accepted colored recruits*
|
Chest Measurement |
18 yrs. and under |
19 yrs. |
20 yrs. |
21 yrs. |
22 yrs. |
23 yrs. |
24 yrs. |
25 yrs. |
|
30 inches and under |
1,000.0 |
10.4 52.1 291.7 354.2 177.1 72.9 31.2 10.4 |
14.9 84.2 188.1 35(5.4 203.0 118.8 19.8 14.9 |
10.2 51.0 142.9 377.5 244.9 91.8 71.4 |
8.1 80.6 145.2 266.1 282.3 129.0 56.5 24.2 8.1 |
15.0 |
||
|
31 inches, |
52.6 |
|||||||
|
82 inches |
165.4 |
|||||||
|
33 inches |
308.2 |
|||||||
|
34 inches |
203.0 |
|||||||
|
35 inches |
105.3 |
|||||||
|
86 inches |
75.2 |
|||||||
|
87 inches |
45.1 |
|||||||
|
;>8 inches |
10.2 |
22.6 |
||||||
|
39 inches and over. |
7.5 |
|||||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
||
|
Chest Measurement |
26 yrs. |
27 yrs. |
28 yrs. |
29 yrs. |
30 yrs. |
81 yrs. |
82 yrs. |
33 yrs. |
|
30 inches and under |
9.8 58.8 264.7 254.9 205.9 117.6 39.2 39.2 |
' 9.5 66.7 123.8 276.2 238.1 114.8 85.7 38.1 47.6 |
41.7 152.8 263.9 263.9 138.9 83.3 41.7 |
40.0 80.0 60.0 240.0 300.0 160.0 80.0 |
35.7 107.1 142.9 178.6 285.7 71.4 107.1 71.4 |
47.6 |
||
|
31 inches 32 inches |
102 6 256.4 282 1 128.2 153.8 76.9 |
69.0 172.4 172.4 206.9 241.4 137.9 |
47.6 95.2 |
|||||
|
33 inches 34 inches |
238.1 238.1 |
|||||||
|
85 inches . . |
142.9 |
|||||||
|
86 inches |
142.9 |
|||||||
|
87 inches |
||||||||
|
38 inches |
47.6 |
|||||||
|
39 inches and over |
9.8 |
13.9 |
40.0 |
|||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
|
Chest Measurement |
34 yrs. |
35 yrs. |
36 yrs |
37 yrs. |
88 yrs. |
39 yrs. |
40 yrs. and over |
Total |
|
80 inches and under |
41.7 |
47.6 |
13.3 |
|||||
|
31 inches |
90.9 1818 272.7 181.8 90.9 181.8 |
200.0 400.0 100.0 200.0 |
76.9 |
12.0 120.5 204.8 144.6 144.6 192.8 60.2 48.2 72.3 |
54.9 |
|||
|
32 inches - 33 inches 84 inches 35 inches |
41.7 166.7 291.7 166.7 83.3 83.3 83.8 |
142.9 285.7 190.5 95.2 95 2 142.9 |
153.8 153.8 538.5 76.9 |
166.7 333.3 166 7 250.0 |
163.3 283.4 228.4 124.0 |
|||
|
36 inches 37 inches |
75.3 31.4 |
|||||||
|
38 inches |
14.9 |
|||||||
|
39 inches and over |
41.7 |
100.0 |
88.3 |
11.0 |
||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000 0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
*Ibid.
NEGBO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 47
Proportion of each measurement per thousand of accepted white recruits — Continued
|
Ohest Measurement |
18 yrs. and under |
19 yrs. |
20 yrs. |
21 yrs. |
22 yrs. |
23 yrs. |
24 yrs. |
25 yrs. |
|
30 inches and under |
400.0 100.0 200.0 150 0 150.0 |
346.1 115.4 192 3 192.3 115.4 38.5 |
66.7 166.7 233.3 200.0 233.3 66.7 33.3 |
33.1 98.8 277.2 2.13.3 172.0 80.7 30.7 10.6 2.6 .9 |
28.4 88.8 249.8 193.3 280.3 100.9 38.7 14.5 3.9 1.4 |
20.7 68.6 209.9 291.3 201.7 127.7 53.9 19.2 4.9 2.1 |
23.2 57 6 194.8 261.3 2)8.1 140.5 68.4 . 23.9 9.2 2.9 |
14 4 |
|
31 inches |
56.2 |
|||||||
|
32 inches 33 inches |
206.0 248.6 |
|||||||
|
34 inches 35 inches |
214.5 143.1 |
|||||||
|
36 inches |
71.0 |
|||||||
|
37 inches |
30.6 |
|||||||
|
38 inches |
12.8 |
|||||||
|
39 inches and over |
2.7 |
|||||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000 0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
|
Chest Measurement |
26 yrs. |
27 yrs. |
28 yrs. |
29 yrs. |
30 yrs. |
31 yrs. |
32 yrs. |
33 yrs. |
|
30 inches and under |
14.0 56.0 189.2 247.3 215.6 143.1 84.5 32.7 11.9 5.7 |
15.0 51.1 178.2 258.2 211.5 144.4 80.0 40.0 15.0 6.7 |
15.0 38.6 185.0 239.9 218.3 154.9 84.3 34.0 21.6 8.5 |
9A 54.0 1557 244 8 209.7 142.2 97.2 45.9 30.6 9.9 |
17.8 36.7 155.7 223.6 200.2 173.5 116.8 41.2 23.4 11.1 |
13 3 47.1 159.0 210. H 201.8 170.8 88.4 48.6 32.4 28.0 |
8.8 38.3 154 6 213.6 194.4 182.6 109.0 48.6 30.9 19.1 |
12.3 |
|
31 inches 32 inches 33 inches 34 inches 35 inches 36 inches 37 inches 38 inches |
31.7 139.3 211.6 201.1 169.3 121.7 51.1 44.1 |
|||||||
|
39 inches and over |
17.6 |
|||||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1.000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
|
Chest Measurement |
34 yrs. |
35 yrs. |
36 yrs. |
37 yrs. |
88 yrs. |
39 yrs. |
40 yrs. and over |
Total |
|
30 inches and under |
16.9 49.0 56.5 297.6 192.1 148.8 114.9 62.2 32.0 30.1 |
19.8 51.9 123.5 162.9 237.0 140.7 123.5 74.1 29.6 37.0 |
8.7 39.0 103.9 251.1 255.4 121.2 95.2 64.9 39.0 21.6 |
12.2 65.3 89.8 175.5 187.8 187.8 98.0 89.8 53.0 40.8 |
27.9 37.2 111.6 144.2 209.3 120.9 186.1 74.4 37.2 51.2 |
29.6 41.4 •71.0 165.7 147.9 153.8 177.5 118.3 35.5 59.2 |
5.6 33.8 91.1 157.7 170.0 135.2 120.2 102.3 74.2 109.9 |
21.6 |
|
31 inches . . .' 32 inches |
66.8 203.6 |
|||||||
|
33 inches 34 inches |
240.5 218.1 |
|||||||
|
85 inches |
127.2 |
|||||||
|
36 inches |
67.M |
|||||||
|
37 inches |
30.4 |
|||||||
|
38 inches |
14.5 |
|||||||
|
89 inches and over |
10 0 |
|||||||
|
Total |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
1,000.0 |
48 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
The following figures are taken from McDonald's study of school children in the District of Columbia whieh included over 16,000 pupils, of whom 5,000 or more were colored. A Kansas city study is also in- cluded:*
ALL GIRLS
|
■~ m |
-i-j |
■ta |
+3 |
© |
||||
|
<D — |
£ |
&# |
si |
|||||
|
Limits of Differ- ent Ages |
Jh ° o Eh |
bC © ©,£ b£ o3 in 05 t> <1 |
ih bC CD -rt ©5 be-1 c3 bfi — — >-^ «1 |
bC © bc? o3 © «4 |
||||
|
FROM— |
TO |
— |
||||||
|
Yrs |
Mos. |
Frs. |
Mos. |
Inches |
Inches |
Lbs. |
Inches |
|
|
5 |
4 |
6 |
6 |
94 |
44.23 |
24.25 |
43.33 |
19.23 |
|
5 |
5 |
6 |
11 |
37 |
43.97 |
23.87 |
42.V.0 |
20.20 |
|
6 |
5 |
7 |
6 |
375 |
45.09 |
24.6<: |
45.74 |
19.04 |
|
6 |
7 |
7 |
6- |
133 |
45.40 |
24.77 |
44.97 |
19.92 |
|
7 |
7 |
8 |
6 |
754 |
47. 44 |
25.46 |
49.44 |
20.14 |
|
8 |
7 |
9 |
6 |
883 |
49.13 |
26.23 |
53 67 |
20.29 |
|
9 |
7 |
10 |
6 |
939 |
51.20 |
26.98 |
58.55 |
20.43 |
|
10 |
7 |
1L |
6 |
931 |
53.14 |
27.82 |
64.19 |
20.54 |
|
n |
7 |
12 |
6 |
.876 |
55.78 |
29.05 |
. 73.20 |
20.78 |
|
12 |
7 |
13 |
6 |
966 |
57.91 |
30.13 |
81.85 |
20.<:5 |
|
13 |
7 |
14 |
6 |
833 |
60.24 |
31.44 |
93.02 |
21.18 |
|
14 |
7 |
15 |
6 |
655 |
61.66 |
32.26 |
100.38 |
21.28 |
|
15 |
7 |
16 |
6 |
450 |
62.40 |
32.81 |
105.19 |
21.38 |
|
16 |
7 |
17 |
6 |
323 |
62.99 |
33 01 |
lio.oi |
21.55 |
|
17 |
7 |
18 |
6 |
151 |
63.15 |
33.17 |
111.50 |
21.60 |
|
17 |
7 |
23 |
6 |
41 |
62.91 |
32.86 |
111.14 |
21.60 |
|
18 |
7 |
10 |
9 |
13 |
64.33 |
33.70 |
112.96 |
21.98 |
|
18 |
7 |
20 |
8 |
66 |
63.01 |
33 24 |
110.72 |
21.98 |
|
• 8,520 |
|
ALL COLORED GIRLS |
|||||||
|
. 03 |
+3 |
+3 |
+3 |
© |
|||
|
0>-r* |
A |
A |
A |
o |
|||
|
Limits of Differ- ent Ages |
-2& |
bC © ©^ |
4j &0 °cc © 0—1 |
be '© 0> S» |
bc?^ 2«| |
||
|
CO |
be |
bD be |
bC |
© 3^ |
|||
|
03 |
03 © |
03c ©*-> |
© |
> — |
|||
|
^go |
|||||||
|
from — |
TO |
|
c |
>■ |
►" |
> |
^ |
|
H |
< |
«! |
^ |
© |
|||
|
Yrs. Mos. |
Yrs. |
Mos. |
Inches |
Inches |
Lbs. |
Inches |
|
|
5 10 |
6 |
6 |
113 |
43.81 |
23.72 |
42.61 |
19.92 |
|
6 7 |
7 |
6 |
248 |
46.61 |
24 70 |
48.63 |
20.50 |
|
7 7 |
8 |
6 |
218 |
47.91 |
25.21 |
53.02 |
20.51 |
|
8 7 |
9 |
6 |
209 |
49.02 |
25.74 |
56.89 |
20 72 |
|
9 7 |
10 |
6 |
250 |
50.85 |
26.55 |
62.89 |
20.84 |
|
10 7 |
11 |
6 |
266 |
52.04 |
27.35 |
68.89 |
20.87 |
|
11 7 |
12 |
6 |
270 |
54.46 |
27.92 |
77.55 |
20.95 |
|
12 7 |
13 |
6 |
270 |
57.42 |
29.09 |
88.40 |
21.14 |
|
13 7 |
14 |
6 |
243 |
50.56 |
30.24 |
98.52 |
21.48 |
|
14 7 |
15 |
6 |
167 |
60.06 |
30.74 |
103.10 |
21.51 |
|
15 7 |
16 |
6 |
129 |
61.47 |
31.57 |
106.97 |
2150 |
|
16 7 |
17 |
6 |
83 |
62.25 |
31.91 |
112.96 |
21.74 |
|
17 7 |
18 |
6 |
54 |
62.27 |
32.27 |
115.12 |
21.86 |
|
18 7 |
19 |
6 |
20 |
62.73 |
33.21 |
117.75 |
2178 |
|
19 7 |
29 |
11 |
9 |
60.44 |
31.47 |
109.33 |
22.14 |
|
2,558 |
* Report of United States Commissioner of Education, 1897-98, Vol. I, page 989, ff.
* Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1897-98, Vol. I, page 1085.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE
ALL BOYS
49
|
GO |
±3 |
+3 |
CD |
|||
|
trt |
A |
A |
O |
|||
|
Limits of Differ- |
bO |
bfi |
CD G |
|||
|
ent Ages |
0; ®A |
CD CD ^ |
& |
|||
|
CD |
faC |
bfl |
£s£ |
|||
|
X2 |
eS |
|||||
|
0 |
CD |
3 |
«g? |
|||
|
from — |
TO— |
2 |
> |
> |
u |
|
|
% |
<! |
<4 |
o |
|||
|
Yrs. Mos. |
Frs. ilfos. |
Inches |
Lbs. |
Inches |
||
|
5 3 |
6 6 |
103 |
44.69 |
45.24 |
20.22 |
|
|
6 0 |
6 6 |
44 |
44.75 |
45.31 |
20.28 |
|
|
6 7 |
7 6 |
533 |
45.97 |
47.70 |
20.45 |
|
|
7 7 |
8 6 |
787 |
47.83 |
51.47 |
20.51 |
|
|
-8 7 |
9 6 |
878 |
49.74 |
56.16 |
20.61 |
|
|
9 7 |
10 6 |
930 |
51.70 |
61.54 |
20.73 |
|
|
10 7 |
11 6 |
8(52 |
53.19 |
66.26 |
20.82 |
|
|
11 7 |
12 6 |
986 |
55.14 |
72.73 |
20.94 |
|
|
12 7 |
13 6 |
926 |
56.76 |
79.38 |
21.01 |
v |
|
13 7 |
14 6 |
784 |
59.14 |
88.27 |
21.21 |
|
|
14 7 |
15 6 |
528 |
61.79 |
100.95 |
21.45 |
|
|
15 7 |
16 6 |
345 |
64.32 |
113.71 |
21.67 |
|
|
16 7 |
17 6 |
120 |
65.97 |
121.18 |
21.87 |
|
|
16 7 |
18 6 |
32 |
66.45 |
124.21 |
22.13 |
|
|
16 7 |
18 10 |
22 |
67.03 |
123.10 |
22.12 |
|
|
17 7 |
18 6 |
38 |
67.06 |
131.99 |
21.91 |
|
|
18 7 |
19 6 |
7 |
68.73 |
132.25 |
22.48 |
|
|
19 7 |
21 7 |
28 |
67.66 |
135.56 |
22.34 |
|
|
7,953 |
ALL COLORED BOYS
|
u m |
43 |
jj |
4^ |
CD |
||
|
CD -h |
A |
,A |
A |
o |
||
|
Limits of Differ- |
a » |
bfi |
■n be |
bD |
CD fl bfiCDT3 |
|
|
ent Ages |
2ft |
CD <&A |
W CD ©•3 |
CD CD ^ |
||
|
do |
bO o3 |
bC be CD ->^> |
bfi s |
£s* |
||
|
cS |
s |
<& |
||||
|
from — |
TO— |
o |
t> |
> |
> |
u |
|
- H |
< |
< |
<1 |
o |
||
|
Yrs. Mos. |
Yrs. Mos. |
Inches |
Inches |
Lbs. |
ZncTies |
|
|
5 0 |
6 6 |
73 |
44.17 |
24.04 |
43.44 |
20.24 |
|
6 7 |
7 6 |
246 |
46.08 |
24.73 |
50.10 |
20.28 |
|
7 7 |
8 6 |
288 |
47.74 |
25.34 |
53.V9 |
20.51 |
|
8 7 |
9 6 |
303 |
49.26 |
26.14 |
59.04 |
20.67 |
|
9 7 |
10 6 |
335 |
51.14 |
26.51 |
65.17 |
20.81 |
|
10 7 |
11 6 |
271 |
52.10 |
26.90 |
69.44 |
20.95 |
|
11 7 |
12 6 |
286 |
53.94 |
27.99 |
75.97 |
20.87 |
|
12 7 |
13 6 |
321 |
56.08 |
28.46 |
83.50 |
21.07 |
|
13 7 |
14 6 |
282 |
57.98 |
29.36 |
90.90 |
21.31 |
|
14 7 |
15 6 |
220 |
60.09 |
30.37 |
99.42 |
21.41 |
|
15 7 |
16 6 |
124 |
6313 |
31.25 |
113.45 |
21.45 |
|
16 7 |
18 6 |
131 |
65.37 |
32.82 |
125.42 |
21.95 |
|
18 7 |
22 11 |
19 |
66.16 |
29.42 |
131.75 |
22.16 |
|
2,899 |
||||||
50 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
Race in Relation to Cephalic Index, Sensibility, Etc.*
|
DO PI o m © ft o d |
03 < © bfi > < |
© 3 ,a • ft c © r- © © o Q |
© "3 ft © © o GO © |
© R ft © r n |
Least sen- sibility to locality |
Strength of grasp |
Least sen- sibility to heat |
||||
|
Right wrist |
Left wrist |
Right hand |
Left hand |
Right waist |
Left waist |
||||||
|
All Boys: White |
526 33 548 58 |
Yr. Mo. 12 9 13 3 13 1 13 1 |
% 11 32 12 27 |
% 45 53 48 52 |
% 44 15 40 21 |
Mm. 16.4 . 14.3 14.9 15.3 |
Mm. 15 5 13.9 13.9 14.2 |
Kilos 20.9 19.7 16.8 17.3 |
Kilos 19.6 18.4 15.8 16.3 |
°R. 4.17 2.07 4.43 2.64 |
°R. 3.89 |
|
Colored |
1.77 |
||||||||||
|
All Girls: White |
4.06 |
||||||||||
|
Colored |
2.47 |
Kansas City, Mo., School Children (1890) t White Children
|
BOYS |
GIRLS |
||||||
|
No. |
Age |
Average height |
Average weight |
No. |
Age |
Average height |
Average weight |
|
Years |
Inches |
Pounds |
Years |
Inches |
Pounds |
||
|
349 |
10 |
52 |
67.5 |
400 |
10 |
51.68 |
65.92 |
|
395 |
11 |
53 |
.70.96 |
411 |
11 |
52.7 |
66.2 |
|
408 |
12 |
56 |
78.28 |
469 |
12 |
54.015 |
80.64 |
|
293 |
13 |
56.6 |
87.45 |
311 |
13 |
57.43 |
91.72 |
|
347 |
14 |
58.6 |
93.45 |
366 |
14 |
60.31 |
100.1 |
|
133 |
15 |
62.4 |
111.27 |
313 |
15 |
62.04 |
109.36 |
|
129 |
16 |
63.93 |
119. |
186 |
16 |
65.52 |
111.16 |
|
77 |
17 |
64.8 |
126.6 |
87 |
17 |
. 62.9 |
117.11 |
|
24 |
18 |
66.66 |
136.83 |
52 |
18 |
63.29 |
118.92 |
|
24 |
19 |
64.2 |
120.25 |
Colored Children
|
BOYS |
GIRLS |
||||||
|
No. |
Age |
Average height |
Average weight |
No, |
Age |
Average height |
Average weight |
|
Years |
Inches |
Pounds |
Years |
Inches |
Pounds |
||
|
28 |
10 |
51 |
72.7 |
30 |
10 |
49.8 |
74.56 |
|
36 |
11 |
53.36 |
78.25 |
52 |
11 |
52.8 |
79.85 |
|
44 |
12 |
53.73 |
83 |
61 |
12 |
54 |
82.83 |
|
51 |
13 |
56 |
89 |
62 |
13 |
56.85 |
97.145 |
|
29 |
14 |
58.88 |
98.55 |
44 |
14 |
58.75 |
103.83 |
|
33 |
15 |
61 |
112.3 |
46 |
15 |
61.54 |
110.13 |
|
9 |
16 |
64.44 |
121.1 |
32 |
16 |
62.8 |
117 |
|
5 |
17 |
65 |
130 |
12 |
17 |
66 |
128 |
* Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1897-98, Vol. I, page 1010. + Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1897-98, Vol. I, page 1108.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE
51
The general conclusions from these studies were:
White children have much longer bodies than colored children, and are taller, but the colored children are heavier.
The white boys are taller than the colored boys. In sitting height the differ- ence is very striking, and it would seem to indicate that white boys have cemparatively a greater length of trunk than length of legs as compared with colored boys. The colored boys are heavier from age 6 to 15. From 15 to 16 the white boys are heavier.
The colored boys are taller than the colored girls at ages 6, 9, 10, 15 and on. At other ages the girls are taller. In sitting height the*boys are taller nntil 10 and at 12. In weight colored boys are heavier, except from 11 to 16, when the difference between boys and girls is somewhat similar to that in white chil- dren, except that this pubertal period begins about a year later and ends a year later than in white children.
The percentage of long-headedness among the colored boys is more than double that of the white boys. This is doubtless due to racial influence.
In colored children the circumference of head in the boys is superior to that of the girls at ages 6 and 11, but inferior at other ages ; that is, in general the girls excel the boys in head circumference.
The white boys of American parentage have a larger head circumference than the colored boys from ages 6 to 8; again at about 12, and from 15 to 17; at other ages the colored boys excel. As the numbers compared are large this can hardly be accidental, yet we know of no reason for this alternate increase and decrease between the boys of two races, for in the case of the girls there is no such alternation.
Comparing white girls of American parentage and colored girls as to cir- cumference of head, the colored girls show quite a marked increase from about 6 to 10 and from 14 to 15. It may be noted here that these periods of marked increase correspond to the periods of increase of colored boys over white boys ; that is, from about 7 to 11 and 13 to 15. The colored girls excel the white girls in circumference of head at all ages. Comparing colored girls with all white girls, the colored girls have a larger circumference of head at all ages except at 6.
As circumference of head increases mental ability increases. (A note adds, " among those of the same race.")
Colored children are much more sensitive to heat than white children. This probably means that their power of discrimination is much better and not that they suffer more from heat.
McDonald's studies referred to above give a few psycho-physical measurements :
|
Bright |
DTJLIi |
Average |
||||
|
Total |
Per Cent |
Total |
Per Cent |
Total |
Per Cent |
|
|
All boys |
2,899 3,296 1,257 1,751 |
38.72 38.70 43.36 68.45 |
1,214 917 486 673 |
16.22 10.77 16.76 26.31 |
3,373 4,304 1,156 134 |
45 06 |
|
All girls |
50 53 |
|||||
|
All colored boys |
39 88 |
|||||
|
All colored girls |
5 24 |
|||||
52
ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
|
TSSi |
bl) |
>> |
|||||||||||||
|
Mental |
CO © 5 |
03 |
© © s XI 4J |
he 03 Sh |
xi ft |
>-, |
G <*> ® S? bcrt o3H be C |
si — 1 °° |
© a © XI +3 o3 |
ft 3 GO (3 |
be |
G 03 43 O ©^ |
be |
||
|
Divisions |
0 4J GO |
© |
03 U be o © |
o GO |
03 lr |
© 00 3 |
03 s © |
G -5 o3 © |
© © |
G © ft |
|||||
|
< |
<4 |
^ |
P |
0 |
£ |
J |
§ |
3 |
s |
pu |
X . |
QC |
01 |
||
|
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
% |
°lc |
||
|
Boys of American pa- rentage |
(Bright.... |
51 |
36 |
44 |
34 |
35 |
44 |
38 |
29 |
50 |
24 |
28 |
43 |
44 |
33 |
|
j Dull / Average. . |
14 35 |
19 45 |
18 38 |
22 44 |
13 52 |
lb 41 |
19 43 |
21 50 |
16 34 |
29 47 |
27 45 |
21 36 |
12 44 |
24 |
|
|
43 |
|||||||||||||||
|
i Bright |
45 |
49 |
37 |
35 |
36 |
41 |
46 |
40 |
34 |
40 |
40 |
54 |
45 |
48 |
|
|
Girls of American pa- |
] Dull |
9 |
11 |
19 |
17 |
12 |
15 |
10 |
9 |
20 |
10 |
13 |
11 |
15 |
14 |
|
rentage |
( Average. . |
46 |
40 |
44 |
48 |
52 |
44 |
44 |
51 |
46 |
50 |
47 |
35 |
40 |
38 |
|
i Bright.... |
46 |
61 |
54 |
47 |
45 |
51 |
42 |
44 |
36 |
45 |
49 |
25 |
41 |
||
|
Colored boys |
J Dull ( Average. . |
23 31 |
8 31 |
20 26 |
17 36 |
13 42 |
11 38 |
17 41 |
31 25 |
19 45 |
17 38 |
22 29 |
43 32 |
23 |
|
|
36 |
|||||||||||||||
|
( Bright l Dull ( Average. . |
69 28 3 |
65 19 16 |
60 29 11 |
40 25 35 |
62 25 13 |
64 22 14 |
63 22 15 |
49 14 37 |
54 19 27 |
17 21 62 |
31 11 58 |
59 |
|||
|
Colored girls |
23 |
||||||||||||||
|
18 |
|||||||||||||||
One manifest cause of physical differences between white and colored people in the United States is difference in physical nourishment. The studies of the United States Department of Agriculture,* although few in number, indicate the following results:
Dietaries of Negroes and Others
|
' |
Cost |
Protein |
Fat |
Carbo- hydrates |
Fuel Value |
|
Average of 19 Negro families in Virginia Average of 20 Negro families in Alabama Average of 4 Mexican families in New Mexico Average of 14 mechanics' families |
11 cts. 8 " 8 " 19 " |
109 gms 62 " 64 " 103 " 97 " 104 " 125 " |
159gms 132 " 71 " 150 " 130 " 125 " |
414 gms. 436 " 610 " 402 " 467 " 423 " |
3.745 3.270 3.550 3.465 |
|
Average of 10 farmers' families |
3.515 |
||||
|
Average of 14 professional men's families .*. . . Tentative standard for man at moderate work |
28 cts. |
3.325 3.500 |
|||
With regard especially to the Alabama diets, which represent the diet of the Black Belt, the report says:
Comparing these Negro dietaries with other dietary standards it will be seen that —
(1) The quantities of protein are very small ; roughly speaking, the food of these Negroes furnished one-third to three-fourths as much protein as are called for in the current physiological standards and as are actually found in the dietaries of well-fed whites in the United States and well-fed people in Europe. They were indeed, no larger than have been found in the dietaries of the very poor factory operatives and laborers in Germany and the laborers and beggars in Italy.
(2) In fuel value the Negro dietaries compare quite favorably with those of well-to-do people of the laboring classes in Europe and the United States.
(3) The marked peculiarity of the Negro dietaries, namely, their lack of protein, is shown in the nutritive ratios. While the proportion of protein to fuel ingredients in the dietary standards and in the food of well-fed wage- workers ranges from 1 :5 to 1 :7 or 8, and is about 1 :5.5 or 1 :6 in the dietary
* United States Department of Agriculture, Dietary Studies, etc., in Alabama, 1897; do., in Virginia, 1899.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 53
standards, the nutritive ratio of the Negro dietaries range from 1 :7 to 1 :16. Leaving out two quite exceptional cases, the lowest was 1 :10 and the average 1:11.8.
6. Some Psychological Considerations on the Race Problem*
By Dr. Herbert A. Miller
Race problems are pressing' hard upon most of the nations of the world. They are part of the general social question, which is growing more and more important. The first difficulty in understanding these problems is to find a clear definition of racial lines. External compari- son is not enough to create a boundary between different peoples wher they happen to have the same spiritual interests, i. e., the ultimate differences are psychical rather than physical. At any rate the psycho- physical comparison of races is offering facts to scientific investigation in a field as yet almost untouched. Wherever there is a heterogeneous people there is need for exact knowledge of the capacities and possi- bilities of its constituents.
The cause of the backwardness of the so-called lower races is various- ly attributed to the influence of environment of all sorts, and to natural incapacity. These points of view differ so absolutely in kind that it is necessary to make an earnest effort to analyze the relation between the two, in order that energy may not be wasted in an effort to reach com- mon conclusions from absolutely different premises. At present both opinions are chiefly based on assumptions. Each may accord with actual conditions, but each involves a very different attitude towards the course of human development: the one assuming that, in general, equal results follow equal conditions, and that the apparent differences are due to unequal home training, economic conditions, and social ideals; the other, that, whatever the conditions, the possibilities are not the same. Between these two extremes the discussion of the Negro, and to some extent of the Indian in the United States, has been hope- lessly mangled, and upon them practical educational theories have been based. Most of the sympathizers with industrial education for the Negro believe that such education is fitted to his capacity ever, more than to his needs.
A knowledge of the influence of environment is necessary for the understanding of a race, but it is not fundamental in drawing race lines, since environment must act upon something, and any conclusion as to its influence involves a consideration of that upon which it acts. Other facts are brought in through anthropology, in which anatomical com- parisons have been supplemented with general psychological observa- tions which have been made, unfortunately, by men of no special psy- chological training, and therefore have questionable value. By a purely psychological method alone can exact scientific data be obtained on what is really a psychological problem.
* Reprinted by permission from Bibliotheca Sacra, April, 1906.
54 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
Psychology has a comprehensive and a restricted field. In the for- mer, it includes the total complex activity of mental life; in the latter, it describes only the isolated elements of the complex. The complex activity is the reaction of the psychic organism to the meaning of life. This is the popular meaning of the term "psychology." Any fact of the mind, whether intellectual, moral, or spiritual, is referred to this category. It cannot be scientific, for it does not lend itself to analysis. It is an attitude of the mind which is the result of many psychic ele- ments working together, plus the practical theory of the universe which the individual happens to hold. This varying combination of influences which shape every attitude makes classification impossible, and to call it psychology takes one but little nearer scientific explanation. The uncertainty of complexity makes it desirable to seek relatively isolated elements. These will be component parts of the whole, but will have a meaning limited to their own functioning: e. g., the memory of legal terms to the lawyer varies with the importance of their bearing upon his cases. But memory of nonsense syllables has an interest limited solely to their interest as a memory exercise. In other words, the quality of memory may be different in different individuals, but no adequate test can be made where the interest and attention differ. Unrelated figures and letters having a minimum of interest offer an ap- proximate condition of equality for the comparison of the memory of different individuals. The simplest element of mind that can be tested is, to be sure, more or less complex, being made up of, as yet, unanalyz- able elements, but the variation of the relatively simple states is much less than that between the complex totalities. Two brothers may differ but slightly in capacity, but responsibility falling upon one will develop entirely different activity. In the simple states can be found regular and predictable variation ; but in the complex, developed by the busi- ness of life, it is accidental and incalculable.
Psychophysics aims to describe these relatively simple states without relating them to their value in life. The results are meagre, but they are the only ones that can have any scientific value, because of their comparative invariability, while the larger reactions are made up of constantly changing meanings of ideals. The spirit or purpose behind the act is what determines its quality; in other words, it is the person- ality interpreting the value of the act to the organism as a whole. The performance of the act, on the other hand, depends on the fundamental capacity of the organ which performs it. Thus desire for study, and capacity for accomplishment, are quite different things. Again and more obviously, it is this interpretation of the value of life that makes one man moral and the other immoral, though both may have equal psychophysical capacity. To conclude, from the manifestations of immorality among the Negroes, or from their failure to recognize cer- tain social conventions, that the Negro is incapable of morality or of adaptation to the social demand, is a conclusion based upon inadequate evidence. Morality and social adaptation are the result of the inter- pretation of the value of a situation, and not a necessary development
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 55
of inherent capacity. Therefore, not until different races have had ex- actly the same history can any valid conclusion be drawn as to their relative psychophysical capacity if mere observation is used. This does not mean that there is no such a thing- as race characteristics, but that there are elements in interpretation that are independent of race. This, however, is a philosophical question. My point is that there is some- thing that cannot be put to empirical test in all practical activity.
Space fails me to give any account of the many psychological obser- vations that have been made concerning primitive people. Suffice it to say that there have been many things said ; and there are great differ- ences of opinion, — from those who see the savage little removed from the possibilities of a brute, to those who think the difference between the highest and lowest man is very slight. It may be the uncivilized instead of the uncivilizable mind that is described. The fact that some observers find that the ideas are sensuous instead of abstract may arise out of the demands of the environment. It may not call for anything except sensuous ideas. Again, Indians and Negroes are said to lack the power of attention, and hence the door of learning is closed to them. Some travelers say that in Africa a few sentences will weary a native, and therefore conversation cannot be held with him. But attention is not merely a natural possession. In our schools the habit has to be cultivated by all sorts of subterfuges from the guardhouse to the elec- tive system. According to the doctrine of u interest," on which the elective system is based, we find the savage giving perfect attention to his hunt. He has been under no necessity of developing the power of abstraction. Many of the arguments concerning primitive psychology arise from the logic of post hoc, e^gp propter hoc. Africans are said to think it foolish to have manufactured articles when it would have been quite easy to get along without them, but what they think is no crite- rion of what they would think if they knew more. We can parallel that indifference in the pure Anglo-Saxons who are known as Highlanders, who find it very difficult to see the sense of the attempt to bring them back into the fold of civilization. A family in the Tennessee Mountains had but one pan, which was used for cooking, serving food, and as a family wash-basin. A new pan was presented, but was hung unused on the wall. When remonstrated with for not using it, the woman said, "Aintweuns got one pan?" The idea of progress is not inherent in any man, but is the social heritage derived from a long study of the mean- ing of the world.
I do not wish to be understood as claiming that race characteristics are not definite and important, but anthropologists have based their conclusion as to the difference in race levels upon the degree to which they suppose the race to have evolved. Their teachings have been eagerly grasped by the general public as a scientific support of their belief that the Negro is inferior to the whites.
I cannot go into the bearings of the doctrine of evolution upon the question, but, accepting the doctrine of Weissmann, would add, in the words of a writer on evolution : "Civilization and education are exter-
56 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
nal and not internal, extrinsic and not intrinsic forces. . . . Civiliza- tion has changed his surroundings, but has it changed the man?* This is an important question, but progress is not evolution in the strict sense of the word. It depends on subjective influences. As John Morley says: "The world grows better in the moderate degree that it does grow better because people wish that it should, and take the right steps to make it better. Evolution is not a force but a process, not a cause but a law. It explains the source and marks the immovable limi- tations of social energy. But social energy can never be superseded by evolution or anything else.'1 Psychology as I use it has the narrower meaning, which makes it parallel with evolution as used by Mr. Morley. It can aim to study the "immovable limitations," but it is utterly im- possible for it to give a standard for measuring the social energy which is the force that makes most of the visible results. We can study the perceptions, but we can do very little with the conceptions, for they form the unanalyzed elements. In conception we get an ethical envir- onment which throws light on every situation, and thus distinguishes man from animal; we deal with every practical situation at something more than its face value in pleasure and pain.
We find this influence as applied to the Negro summed up excellently by one of the race speaking of his people: uThey must perpetually discuss the Negro problem, must live, move and have their being in it, and interpret allelse in its light or darkness. From the double life that every American Negro must live as a Negro and American, as swept on by the current of the nineteenth century while struggling in the eddies of the fifteenth — from this must arise a powerful self-conscious- ness and a moral hesitancy which is almost fatal to self-confidence. Today the young Negro of the South who would succeed cannot be frank and outspoken, but rather is daily tempted to be' silent and wary, politic and sly. His real thoughts, his real aspirations, must be guarded in whispers; he must not criticize, he must not complain. Patience and adroitness must in these growing black youth, replace impulse, manliness, and courage. . . . At the same time, through books and periodicals, discussions and lectures he is intellectually awakened. In the conflict some sink, some rise." f This description of the conditions of real life indicates the impossibility of drawing psychological conclu- sions from practical reactions. We cannot fairly compare a black and a white artisan when the latter has pride in his work and the other an indifference due, in part at least, to the consciousness of his social posi- tion. Still there may be differences due solely to race. I would like to tell how I think this difference in attitude complicates any estimate of moral and cultural possibilities, but I must hasten on to indicate briefly my method of direct experimentation, which, though utterly incom- plete, yet seems to me to be the direction in which this subject must be pursued if we wish to get the truth unhampered by the prejudice of
* H. W. Conn : Method of Evolution, p. 212. f DuBois: Souls of Black Folk.
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 57
one's geographical position. In a word I aimed to make tests of the simplest sort upon people of as nearly the same condition as possible. The subjects were pupils in schools of comparable grades, and num- bered 2,488 Negroes, 520 Indians, and 1,493 whites, including 596 High- landers in the Tennessee and Kentucky mountains. All the tests were given by myself under as nearly as possible the same conditions and without variation. I can only name the tests, and say that they were devised for the purpose of giving them to groups, and that all my sub- jects came in groups which would average about forty in number. A careful record of age and sex and grade was kept, and the comparison considered those facts. My word for the reliability of the work must be accepted, and I hope before very long to publish a full description of the details. The tests were: (1) quickness and accuracy of percep- tion; (2) disconnected memory, both auditory and visual, as tested by figures and letters exposed and read; (3) logical memory, tesced by re- producing a story; (4) rational instinct, as shown in the immediate detection of fallacies; (5) suggestibility, as shown by the judgment of the size of equal circles on which there were numbers of different de- nominations; and, finally, (6) color preference.
I can give at present only some representative averages, which are interesting, and on the whole fairly indicative of the results obtained by a more complete interpretation of the figures. With the exception of the first table, which gives the actual number, all the results are in percentages. The graphic representation of the figures shows some things that cannot appear from the mere averages. Averages for the quickness of perception :
Male Female
No. Av. No. A v.
Whites .... 355 81.17 - 236 33.61
Indians ... 160 31.81 120 34.77
Negroes ... 377 32.35 412 34.68
The average is misleading, as the plot shows that the larger number of Indians are quicker than the larger number of either of the other races, but both aspects of the figures are consistent in showing that there is but slight difference in races in the same sex, but that there is a consistent difference in the quickne*ss of the sexes, the females being the quicker. In disconnected memory I had five tests, and two facts are striking: the superiority of visual over auditory memory, and the consistent but slight superiority of the females, but the race differences are small. It did not seem to be unfair to combine all the persons of the same race for all the five tests in one average, and thus make it possible to multiply the number of cases by five. I do this because of the alleged superiority of the Negroes for so-called rote memory.
Male and Female Auditory and Visual Memory
No. Whites 2,960 Av. 55 Av. deviation 19
" Indians 1,362 '• 53.3 " " 17.5
" Negroes 4,098 " 56.8 " " 19
The conclusion seems to me to be that the differences are very slight. The variation shows that a large part of each group overlaps the others.
58 ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
At the same time the similarity of the deviations shows that the aver- ages are fairly representative. Let me give the results of the tests for logical memory:
No. Males A v. % No. Females Av.%
Whites 343 40 27 22^ 38.9
Indians 101 37 7 88 35.17
Negroes 394 40.45 427 37.49
Here the difference between the sexes is the reverse of that appearing in disconnected memory. There is almost no difference between the Whites and the Negroes; the Indians are not strictly comparable, for reasons that I cannot enter upon at this time.
Finally I would like to give you some idea of the results of the color choice test. I gave this to a larger number than any of the others. I performed these tests in two different years, and all in the same man- ner, except that in the second year I changed from Milton Bradley colors to Prang colors, with very interesting results. Out of the Milton Bradley colors I had 13 against 12 of the Prang. With the Milton Bradley colors 42.1 per cent of the white girls chose red and 19 per cent blue; and 42.01 per cent of the white boys preferred blue and 17.6 red. The number of persons was 380 and 112. Of the Negroes, numbering 201 girls and 267 boys, 3.6 per cent of the girls and 3.4 per cent of the boys chose red, and 57.1 per cent of the girls and 52.1 per cent of the boys chose blue. These facts are interesting, but quite different from those with the Prang colors. Putting red and red-violet together, we have the following table:
Red and Red- Violet Blu9
W. M 11.4% 50.4%
W. F 27 41.4
I. M 20 6 35.5
I. F 49.4 18.5
N. M 7.3 30
N. F 17.1 41.6
Two things appear from this. That there is a racial difference in color preference, and that it makes a good deal of difference what col- ors are used. Preference for red does not mean for any red, and if the one presented is not quite right another color will be chosen. For the other colors than red and blue the figures are nearly parallel. It is a surprise to most people that the Negro does not take the red, but he consistently avoids it. The colors that we see in life are not so much the result of psychophysical as of social reaction. The one fact that stands out clearly in this investigation is the smallness of the differ- ences between the Negroes and whites within the range of these exper- iments. In general we find the Indians somewhat lower in their aver- ages than the other two races. I do not suggest the possible inferiority of the Indians; but there is not an iota of evidence to show that they are superior to Negroes. This is contrary to the general assumption.
We must not conclude from these tests that there are no psychophys- ical differences between the races; in fact, we do find some tendencies of divergence, and admit the possibility of many more. The complex of all these tendencies gives the temperamental tone, which obviously
NEGRO HEALTH AND PHYSIQUE 59
does characterize sexes and races. The differences, however, are of de- gree rather than of kind. It is not sufficient to make a sharp line of de- markation. In the curves which represent the figures we find that the large mass of the persons of all the races are included within the com- mon space. So far as the original endowment of the Negro is concerned, I would conclude that there is nothing iu kind to differentiate him par- ticularly as a different psychic being from the Caucasian. I have not en- tered upon the prevailing difference of opinion that exists upon this point.
In estimating the psychological development of a person or race, no one should be spurned for the peculiarities tha.t he possesses. Some racial tendencies have undoubtedly been developed by natural selec- tion, but we are accustomed to make an assessment in contemporary psychic values, and consider primitive those that do not fit the present social order. In the process of the universe a race may have a contri- bution to make through its very peculiarities; and it may at least find in these peculiarities a means of working out its own salvation. Thus the vivid imagination which I found in the Negro, and the unquestioned musical genius of the Negro, are to be given a value that we cannot es- timate. The transition from the morning school song of the Negroes to that of equally untrained whites is like going from a symphony to a hand- organ. No one will question this gift of music in the Negro ; and may we not expect from it, and other gifts which do not stand out so obviously, some social contribution from this and every race? We no longer hear much about the mental inferiority of women; but we are accepting the fact that the two sexes have different natural aptitudes, and are adapt- ing the educational possibilities to meet those aptitudes. This should be the case with different races. But let us not jump to conclusions as to what these aptitudes are; for we are likely to judge from present rather than future social valuations. Perhaps from some such method as I have undertaken we can learn more of the differences between individuals.
Finally, class, and race as well as sex problems arise from lack of spiritual affinity between the groups or individuals concerned. They lack ; 'consciousness of kind." This phrase resolves itself into con- sciousness of the same kind of ideals or purposes. A social relation exists as soon as there are common purposes. If the ideals or purposes differ there will be antagonism. The first cause of this difference is due to some superficial accidental condition, such as the customs of the tribe or the color of the skin, which stand as symbols of the sameness of kind. That these external symbols are only accidental is proved by the ease with which they are laid aside when some deeper principle draws men together, bridging chasms that had seemed impassable. Mere propinquity will often do it. This accidental element in the race problem makes it no less real, but the purpose of science and philosophy is not to get the temporal and the accidental, but rather the universal and essential. The purpose of education and social progress is to make the accidental give way to the essential, and to let each individual stand for his true worth to society; then the problems as they now confront us will cease to exist.
60
ELEVENTH ATLANTA CONFERENCE
7. The Increase of the Negro=American
The Negro element in the United States, classing all mulattoes as Negroes (except those who pass as white), has increased as follows:*
Negro population 1790 to 1900
CENSUS
Negro popula- tion
Increase of Negro Poptj- tion During—
Preceding 10 years
No.
Per cent
Preceding 20 years
No.
Per cent
Per centof in- crease of the white popu- lation dur- ing—
Pre- ceding lOyrs.
Pre- ceding 20 yrs.
Continental United States.